Gospel of Luke

Luke 13.29-35 and 14.10 (CBL BP I, f.15r)

P. Chester Beatty I, folio 13-14, recto

Codex Macedoniensis, subscriptio to Luke

Relationship between synoptic gospels-en

Representation of the Sower's parable

The Gospel of Luke is the third book of the New Testament in the Christian Bible, traditionally attributed to Luke the Evangelist, a companion of the Apostle Paul. It is one of the three Synoptic Gospels, alongside the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark, and shares many similarities with them in terms of content, order, and structure. The Gospel of Luke is notable for its detailed narrative of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Composition and Date

The Gospel of Luke is believed to have been written between AD 80 and 110. The author, while not identified by name within the text itself, is traditionally thought to be Luke the Evangelist, a physician and companion of Paul, based on the writings of early Christian scholars such as Eusebius. The gospel is addressed to Theophilus, whose identity remains a matter of scholarly debate, and is intended to provide a careful account of the events of Jesus's life and the early Christian church.

Content

The Gospel of Luke begins with a preface addressed to Theophilus, followed by the Infancy Narratives of John the Baptist and Jesus, which include the Annunciation, the birth of John the Baptist, the birth of Jesus, and events from Jesus's childhood. The narrative then moves to Jesus's baptism by John, his temptations in the wilderness, and the beginning of his public ministry.

Luke's Gospel is distinguished by its emphasis on Jesus's teachings on compassion, forgiveness, and the importance of seeking the lost. Parables unique to Luke include the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son. The gospel also gives significant attention to women, the poor, and social outcasts, highlighting Jesus's inclusive ministry.

The journey to Jerusalem is a central theme in Luke, culminating in Jesus's triumphal entry, his cleansing of the temple, his betrayal, trial, crucifixion, and resurrection. The final chapter describes the resurrection appearances of Jesus and his ascension into heaven.

Theological Themes

The Gospel of Luke emphasizes the universality of Jesus's message, presenting him as the Savior for all people, regardless of social or ethnic background. Themes of joy, peace, and salvation permeate the narrative. Luke also stresses the role of the Holy Spirit and prayer in the life of Jesus and the early church.

Relationship to Other Gospels

Luke shares a large amount of material with Matthew and Mark, but also includes unique content not found in the other Synoptic Gospels. Scholars often refer to the material common to Matthew and Luke but not found in Mark as the "Q source." Additionally, Luke's narrative style and attention to detail have led some to consider it the most historically reliable of the Gospels.

Reception and Influence

The Gospel of Luke has been a fundamental text for Christian theology and ethics. Its narratives and teachings have inspired countless works of art, literature, and music throughout Christian history. The Acts of the Apostles, also attributed to Luke, is considered a sequel to the Gospel and provides an account of the early Christian church after Jesus's ascension.