Guerrilla warfare

As Guerrilhas na Guerra Peninsular (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917)

6-de-junio-1808

Sov partizans

Fortaleza San Luis - Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración

Hogan's Flying Column

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which small groups of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. Guerrilla warfare is a tactic often adopted by those who possess fewer resources than their adversaries, enabling them to conduct operations without the need for direct confrontations with their opponents, which they would likely lose due to their opponents' superior numbers and firepower.

History

The term "guerrilla" originates from the Spanish word "guerra" meaning war, with "guerrilla" being the diminutive form, thus translating to "little war". The strategy of guerrilla warfare has been utilized throughout history, dating back to ancient times. However, it became particularly prominent in the 20th century, notably used by groups such as the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War, the Mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War, and various resistance movements during World War II, such as the French Resistance.

Tactics

Guerrilla warfare tactics are characterized by their flexibility and adaptability. Guerrillas often rely on the element of surprise, attacking vulnerable targets and then withdrawing quickly before enemy forces can respond. They may also employ land mines, IEDs (Improvised Explosive Devices), and snipers to harass enemy forces, along with propaganda and psychological warfare to win support from the local population.

Strategy

The strategic objective of guerrilla warfare is to wear down the enemy, making the conflict as prolonged and costly as possible, thereby eroding the enemy's will to continue fighting. This is often achieved through a combination of military actions and political work, including efforts to win the "hearts and minds" of the people, which can be crucial for gaining support and resources.

Counter-Guerrilla Warfare

Counter-guerrilla warfare involves military, paramilitary, and sometimes civilian efforts to defeat guerrilla forces. This can include measures such as "pacification," intelligence gathering, the building of infrastructure to improve military logistics, and winning the support of the local population to deprive guerrillas of their resources and recruits.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

Guerrilla warfare raises various ethical and legal considerations, particularly regarding the distinction between combatants and non-combatants. Guerrillas often blend in with the civilian population, which can lead to accusations of violating the laws of war. Conversely, counter-guerrilla operations can result in civilian casualties and suffering if not carefully conducted.

Influence on Modern Warfare

The principles of guerrilla warfare have influenced many aspects of modern military strategy, emphasizing the importance of mobility, intelligence, and the support of the local population. It has also led to the development of counter-insurgency doctrines and strategies by modern militaries.