HTLV-1

HTLV-1 or Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 is a human retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer called adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a demyelinating disease called HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

Epidemiology

HTLV-1 is endemic in certain parts of the world, including southwestern Japan, the Caribbean, South America, and parts of Central Africa. The virus is spread through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Clinical Manifestations

The majority of individuals infected with HTLV-1 remain asymptomatic carriers. However, approximately 2-5% of infected individuals develop ATL, and a smaller percentage develop HAM/TSP. Other associated diseases include uveitis, infective dermatitis, and possibly a variety of other inflammatory diseases.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection is made by serologic testing, with confirmation by Western blot or polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The diagnosis of ATL or HAM/TSP requires additional clinical and laboratory findings.

Treatment

There is no cure for HTLV-1 infection. Treatment of ATL is with chemotherapy, and treatment of HAM/TSP is primarily symptomatic.

Prevention

Prevention of HTLV-1 infection is primarily through avoidance of risk factors, such as unprotected sex and sharing of needles. In endemic areas, screening of blood donors and avoidance of breastfeeding by infected mothers can also reduce transmission.

See also:

• Retrovirus
• Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
• HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
• Uveitis
• Infective dermatitis

HTLV-1 Resources
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