Helianthus ciliaris

Helianthus annuus, commonly known as the sunflower, is a large annual forb of the genus Helianthus grown as a crop for its edible oil and edible fruits. This sunflower species is also used as bird food, as livestock forage (as a meal or a silage plant), and in some industrial applications. The plant was first domesticated in the Americas.

Description

Helianthus annuus is an annual plant with a rough, hairy stem, 1–4.5 meters (3–15 ft) tall. The leaves are broad, coarsely toothed, and arranged opposite on the stem. They are usually covered with rough short hairs. The flower heads are large and can reach 30 cm (1 ft) in diameter with yellow ray florets at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a brown/red) disc florets inside.

Cultivation and uses

Sunflowers are cultivated for their seeds, which are used for the production of sunflower oil, a healthy alternative to many other cooking oils. The seeds are also used as bird feed or can be eaten directly as a snack. Sunflower meal, a by-product of oil extraction, is used as a protein-rich animal feed. The plant is also used in the production of biodiesel.

History

The sunflower is native to North America and was first domesticated by the Native Americans, who cultivated it for its seeds. The Spanish explorers brought the sunflower to Europe in the 16th century, where it was used for its oil, as a symbol in religious ceremonies, and as an ornamental plant.

Cultivars

There are several cultivars of Helianthus annuus, each with its own characteristics. Some are grown for their large flower heads, others for their seed production, and others for their ornamental value. Some of the most popular cultivars include 'Giant', 'Russian Giant', and 'Mammoth'.

See also

• List of sunflower diseases
• Helianthus
• Sunflower oil
• Sunflower seed

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