Hindu texts

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Bhagavad Gita, a 19th century manuscript

Hindu texts are a large body of texts originating in the Indian subcontinent. Comprising several core components, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana, and other philosophical, theological, and mythological texts, they form the foundation of Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions. These texts are written in several Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Tamil, and others, over a broad period, with some dating back to as early as 1500 BCE.

Vedas

The Vedas are a collection of four major texts, namely the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. They are considered the oldest and most authoritative scriptures of Hinduism, containing hymns, chants, rituals, and ceremonies that were used in ancient Indian religious practices.

Upanishads

Following the Vedas, the Upanishads are a collection of philosophical texts that explore the concepts introduced in the Vedas. They delve into ideas such as the ultimate reality (Brahman), the soul (Atman), and the relationship between the two. The Upanishads mark the transition from ritualistic to philosophical thought in Hinduism.

Puranas

The Puranas are a genre of important Hindu religious texts that narrate the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography. They are considered smriti, or remembered lore, contrasting with the Vedas, which are considered shruti, or heard.

Mahabharata and Ramayana

The Mahabharata and Ramayana are two epic narratives that hold a special place in Hindu literature. The Mahabharata, attributed to Vyasa, is the longest epic poem in the world and includes the Bhagavad Gita, a sacred text that discusses duty, righteousness, and devotion. The Ramayana, attributed to Valmiki, narrates the life of Prince Rama, his wife Sita, and his loyal companion Hanuman, emphasizing the importance of dharma (duty/righteousness).

Philosophical and Theological Texts

In addition to the texts mentioned above, Hinduism encompasses a vast array of other philosophical and theological texts, including the Brahma Sutras, which systematize the teachings of the Upanishads, and various schools of Hindu philosophy, such as Vedanta, Samkhya, and Yoga.

Modern Interpretations and Studies

In modern times, these texts continue to be studied not only for their religious and philosophical insights but also for their contributions to sociology, history, and literature. Scholars and practitioners alike seek to interpret these texts in the context of contemporary issues and challenges, ensuring their relevance in the modern world.