History of California

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== History of California ==

The history of California is rich and diverse, spanning thousands of years from the earliest Native American inhabitants to the modern era. California's history can be divided into several distinct periods, each marked by significant events and cultural shifts.

Pre-Columbian Era

Before the arrival of Europeans, California was home to a large number of Native American tribes, each with its own distinct culture and way of life. These tribes included the Chumash, Miwok, Yurok, and many others. They lived in various regions across California, from the coastal areas to the inland valleys and mountains.

European Exploration and Colonization

The first European to explore the California coast was the Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542, sailing under the Spanish flag. Later, in 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno mapped the California coast and named many of its features. The Spanish established the first permanent European settlement in California with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 by Junípero Serra.

Mexican Rule

In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, and California became a Mexican territory. During this period, the mission system was secularized, and large land grants were given to private individuals, leading to the establishment of ranchos.

American Conquest and Statehood

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) resulted in California becoming part of the United States. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ceded California to the U.S. Shortly thereafter, the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush, leading to a massive influx of settlers. California was admitted to the Union as the 31st state on September 9, 1850.

19th and Early 20th Century

The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw significant growth and development in California. The completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 connected California to the rest of the country, facilitating trade and migration. The state's economy diversified with the growth of agriculture, particularly in the Central Valley, and the rise of industries such as oil and entertainment.

World War II and Postwar Era

During World War II, California became a major center for the defense industry, with numerous military bases and defense contractors. The postwar era saw a population boom and rapid suburbanization. The California Master Plan for Higher Education was implemented in 1960, establishing a comprehensive public higher education system.

Modern Era

In recent decades, California has continued to grow and evolve, becoming a global leader in technology, entertainment, and environmental policy. The state faces challenges such as housing affordability, environmental sustainability, and social inequality, but remains a dynamic and influential part of the United States.

Related Pages

• California
• California Gold Rush
• Mission San Diego de Alcalá
• First Transcontinental Railroad
• Central Valley (California)
• Mexican-American War
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo