History of cosmetics

Nofretete Neues Museum

Beauty-case, wood - Museo Egizio Turin S 8479 p04

Beijing-Opera2

Maiko in Gion

Lautrec woman at her toilette 1889

History of Cosmetics

The history of cosmetics spans thousands of years, from ancient times to the modern day. Cosmetics, which include products for skin care, makeup, fragrance, and hair care, have been used for both personal adornment and cultural practices. This article explores the evolution of cosmetics through various civilizations, highlighting key developments and the impact on society.

Ancient Civilizations

The use of cosmetics dates back to ancient civilizations, where they played a significant role in ritualistic and aesthetic practices.

Ancient Egypt

In Ancient Egypt, cosmetics were not only used for beauty, but also for protection against the harsh sun and insects. Both men and women applied kohl to their eyes to create the iconic Egyptian eye look and to protect their eyes from the sun's glare. They also used red ochre as a lip and cheek stain, and henna to dye their nails and hair.

Ancient China

Ancient China saw the use of cosmetics for indicating social status. During the Zhou dynasty, royals painted their nails with gold and silver, while during the Ming dynasty, women used rice powder to whiten their faces and vermilion for their lips, cheeks, and eyebrows.

Ancient Greece and Rome

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, cosmetics were used by both men and women. Greeks favored a pale complexion, achieved with lead-based powders, while Romans preferred dark eyebrows and scented oils for their bodies. The use of cosmetics in these cultures was also linked to health and hygiene practices.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, the Christian church largely influenced the decline in cosmetic use in Europe, associating it with vanity and sin. However, by the end of the period, a pale complexion was again fashionable, achieved through the use of lead-based powders, which were harmful to health.

Renaissance

The Renaissance period saw a resurgence in the use of cosmetics in Europe, with advancements in science contributing to new formulations. The pale look continued to be popular, with both men and women using lead-based makeup to achieve a white complexion, despite its toxic effects.

19th Century

The 19th century marked significant progress in the cosmetic industry, with the emergence of modern cosmetics. The industrial revolution allowed for mass production and improved distribution, making cosmetics more accessible. This period also saw the development of the first deodorants and the introduction of petroleum jelly as a skin moisturizer.

20th Century

The 20th century was a transformative period for cosmetics, with the birth of numerous brands that are still popular today. The introduction of synthetic dyes expanded the color palette for makeup, and the invention of the mascara wand, the lipstick tube, and nail polish revolutionized cosmetic products. This era also saw the rise of advertising in the cosmetic industry, making makeup more mainstream.

21st Century

Today, the cosmetic industry is characterized by innovation, with a focus on natural and organic ingredients, sustainability, and inclusivity. The rise of social media has also transformed how cosmetics are marketed and consumed, with influencers playing a significant role in shaping trends.

Impact on Society

Cosmetics have had a profound impact on society, influencing beauty standards, social status, and personal identity. While they have been celebrated for their ability to enhance personal appearance and confidence, they have also been criticized for perpetuating unrealistic beauty standards and contributing to environmental issues.