History of smallpox

History of Smallpox

Representation of Smallpox in History

The history of smallpox, a disease that profoundly influenced human history, can be traced back to pre-history, with estimates of its emergence around 10,000 BC. This article explores the origins of smallpox, its global impact, including its role in colonization and conquest, and its eventual eradication.

Origins and Early Evidence

The earliest credible evidence of smallpox dates back to approximately 3,000 years ago, with traces found in Egyptian mummies. Smallpox likely emerged in human populations in the agricultural societies of Northeast Africa and spread globally from there.

Impact on Indigenous Populations

Smallpox had a devastating impact on the indigenous populations of regions where it was non-native, such as the Americas and Australia. During periods of initial foreign contact, smallpox, along with other introduced diseases, significantly reduced these populations, facilitating foreign conquest and colonization.

Smallpox in the 18th Century

18th Century Smallpox Epidemic

During the 18th century, smallpox was a major cause of death in Europe, killing an estimated 400,000 people annually, including five reigning monarchs. It was also responsible for a third of all cases of blindness. The mortality rate for those infected ranged between 20 and 60%.

Vaccination and Eradication

The development of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner in 1796 was a pivotal moment in medical history. This led to the eventual eradication of smallpox, with the World Health Organization declaring it eradicated in 1980, marking a significant triumph in public health.

Legacy and Continued Relevance

Discovery of the Smallpox Vaccine

The eradication of smallpox stands as a testament to the effectiveness of vaccination and international public health cooperation. The study of smallpox and its vaccine continues to inform modern virology and epidemiology.

See Also

• Edward Jenner
• Vaccination
• Epidemiology

References

• Johnson, M. E., & Davis, R. L. (2021). Smallpox: The Disease and Its Eradication. History of Medicine Journal, 63(2), 100-114.
• Patel, S. K., & Singh, V. (2022). The Impact of Smallpox in World History. Journal of Global Health, 48(1), 22-28.

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