I Ching

Shang dynasty inscribed tortoise plastron

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Yarrow stalks for I Ching

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I Ching or Yi Jing (Chinese: 易經; pinyin: Yìjīng

), also known as The Book of Changes, is an ancient Chinese divination text and one of the oldest of the Chinese classics. Possessing a history of more than two and a half millennia of commentary and interpretation, the I Ching is an influential text read throughout the world, providing inspiration to the worlds of religion, psychoanalysis, literature, and art. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zhou period (1000–750 BC), over the centuries it has become a book of wisdom, offering spiritual and philosophical insights.

History

The origins of the I Ching can be traced back to the early Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC). The text is believed to have been compiled over a period of centuries, from the 9th to the 5th century BC, reaching its final form around the early Warring States period. It is a compilation of divinatory practices, with the earliest layers of the text attributed to mythical figures such as Fu Xi, King Wen of Zhou, and his son, the Duke of Zhou.

Structure

The I Ching is structured around 64 hexagrams (Chinese: 卦; pinyin: guà ), which are unique figures composed of six stacked horizontal lines (Chinese: 爻; pinyin: yáo ), each line being either broken (yin) or unbroken (yang). Each hexagram is associated with a specific text passage that provides guidance for moral and ethical decision-making, with interpretations and commentaries expanding upon these core ideas over time.

Philosophy

Central to the I Ching's philosophy is the concept of change, symbolized by the constant interaction between the yin and yang forces. This dualism represents the foundation of the universe and its phenomena, emphasizing the importance of balance and harmony. The text also introduces the idea of the Dao (Chinese: 道; pinyin: dào ), or the way, as an underlying principle that guides change and transformation.

Usage

Traditionally, the I Ching is used for divination through a process involving sixty-four hexagrams. A question is posed, and the hexagrams are generated through various methods, such as coin tossing or yarrow stalk manipulation, to yield advice or predictions. In modern times, the I Ching is also approached as a source of wisdom and philosophical insights, transcending its original divinatory purpose.

Influence

The I Ching has had a profound influence on Chinese thought, contributing to the development of Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism. Its concepts have permeated various aspects of Chinese culture, including art, literature, and science. Beyond China, the I Ching has attracted interest from Western intellectuals and artists, influencing figures such as Carl Jung, who was fascinated by its archetypal interpretations and synchronicity concept.

See Also

• Tao Te Ching
• Confucianism
• Chinese philosophy
• Divination