Iatrogenic disease

Iatrogenic disease refers to conditions that are caused as a direct result of medical treatment, intervention, or advice. The term "iatrogenic" is derived from the Greek words iatros (physician) and genesis (origin), indicating a disease that originates from a healer. Iatrogenic diseases can result from a wide range of medical activities, including diagnosis, therapy, surgery, or medication. They can occur in any healthcare setting, including hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, and even during home care.

Causes

Iatrogenic diseases can be caused by various factors, including:

• Medical errors: Mistakes made by healthcare professionals, such as incorrect medication dosage or wrong-site surgery.
• Adverse drug reactions: Unintended and harmful reactions to drugs, which can occur even when the drugs are prescribed and administered correctly.
• Infections: Infections acquired during medical or surgical procedures, often referred to as nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections.
• Medical device-related complications: Problems associated with the use of medical devices, such as catheters or implants, which can lead to infection, malfunction, or adverse reactions.
• Surgical complications: Complications arising from surgical procedures, including postoperative infections, bleeding, or damage to surrounding tissues.

Types

Iatrogenic diseases can be classified into several types, including:

• Pharmacological iatrogenesis: Diseases caused by drugs, including adverse reactions and drug interactions.
• Diagnostic iatrogenesis: Conditions resulting from diagnostic procedures, such as radiation exposure from imaging tests or complications from biopsies.
• Therapeutic iatrogenesis: Diseases caused by medical treatments, such as chemotherapy-induced anemia or surgery-related infections.
• Psychological iatrogenesis: Psychological harm caused by medical treatment, including anxiety and stress related to diagnosis or treatment.

Prevention

Preventing iatrogenic diseases involves multiple strategies, including:

• Enhancing patient safety measures to reduce medical errors.
• Implementing strict infection control protocols to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
• Ensuring appropriate use of medications and monitoring for adverse drug reactions.
• Educating healthcare professionals and patients about the risks associated with medical treatments and procedures.

Management

The management of iatrogenic diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. It may involve:

• Discontinuing or adjusting the causative treatment or medication.
• Treating the symptoms or complications of the iatrogenic disease.
• Providing supportive care to minimize discomfort and promote recovery.
• Implementing corrective procedures or treatments, if necessary.

Ethical and Legal Considerations

Iatrogenic diseases raise important ethical and legal considerations, including issues of informed consent, medical negligence, and patient compensation. Healthcare providers have a duty to inform patients about the potential risks of medical treatments and to obtain their informed consent before proceeding. When iatrogenic diseases occur, patients may have legal recourse if the condition resulted from negligence or failure to meet the standard of care.