Immunoassay
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Immunoassay is a biochemical test that measures the presence or concentration of a substance using the highly specific binding reaction between an antigen and an antibody. This test is a cornerstone in diagnostic laboratories for its sensitivity and specificity in detecting and quantifying biomolecules, including hormones, proteins, and pathogens.
Overview of Immunoassays[edit | edit source]
- Function: Immunoassays are used to diagnose diseases, monitor therapy, and in research to understand disease mechanisms.
- Principle: The test hinges on the natural immune response, where antibodies bind to specific antigens.
Types of Immunoassays[edit | edit source]
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Uses radioactive isotopes to detect antigens.
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Utilizes an enzyme linked to an antibody or antigen as a marker for detection.
- Fluorescent Immunoassay: Involves antibodies labeled with a fluorescent dye.
- Chemiluminescent Immunoassay: Uses a luminescent compound to produce light as a signal.
Applications in Medicine[edit | edit source]
- Immunoassays play a critical role in various medical applications:
* Diagnosing infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis. * Hormone level testing, such as thyroid hormones and insulin. * Allergy testing through the detection of specific antibodies. * Drug level monitoring in the blood, essential for therapeutic drug management. * Identifying tumor markers, such as PSA for prostate cancer or CA-125 for ovarian cancer.
Advantages and Limitations[edit | edit source]
- Advantages: High specificity and sensitivity, suitable for a wide range of substances, and relatively quick results.
- Limitations: Cross-reactivity leading to false positives, requirement of standardization, and the need for skilled personnel and specialized equipment in some cases.
Technological Developments[edit | edit source]
- Recent advancements in immunoassay technology include automation, miniaturization, and the development of point-of-care tests.
Immunoassays in Research[edit | edit source]
- Beyond clinical diagnostics, immunoassays are invaluable in biomedical research for studying biomarkers, immune responses, and drug development.
Quality Control and Standardization[edit | edit source]
- Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of immunoassay results is critical. Quality control measures and standardization protocols are essential components of laboratory practices.
References[edit | edit source]
External Links[edit | edit source]
- National Center for Biotechnology Information: Immunoassays
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Immunoassay Training
See Also[edit | edit source]
Immunoassay Resources | ||
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