Induced pluripotent stem cell

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell

Human induced pluripotent stem cell colony

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from adult cells. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka and his team in 2006, who discovered that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.

History

Timeline of iPSC production

The concept of reprogramming adult cells to a pluripotent state was first demonstrated in 2006 by Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi. They used mouse fibroblasts and introduced four transcription factors: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, collectively known as the Yamanaka factors. This groundbreaking discovery earned Yamanaka the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012.

Methodology

The process of creating iPSCs involves the introduction of specific genes into somatic cells. These genes are typically delivered using viral vectors, such as retroviruses or lentiviruses, which integrate into the host cell's genome. Once inside, these genes reprogram the somatic cells to a pluripotent state, similar to that of embryonic stem cells.

Characteristics

iPSCs share many characteristics with embryonic stem cells, including the ability to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This pluripotency makes them a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery.

Applications

Three germ line cells differentiated from iPSCs

iPSCs have numerous applications in the field of medicine and research. They can be used to model diseases, allowing researchers to study the progression and potential treatments for various conditions. Additionally, iPSCs hold promise for regenerative medicine, where they can be used to generate healthy cells to replace damaged or diseased tissues.

Challenges

Despite their potential, iPSCs face several challenges. One major concern is the risk of tumorigenicity, as the reprogramming process can lead to genetic mutations. Additionally, the use of viral vectors poses a risk of insertional mutagenesis. Researchers are actively working on developing safer and more efficient methods of generating iPSCs.

Future Directions

Induction of iPS cells

The future of iPSC research is promising, with ongoing efforts to improve the safety and efficiency of reprogramming techniques. Advances in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, offer potential solutions to overcome current challenges. Furthermore, the development of non-integrating delivery methods for reprogramming factors is a key area of focus.

Related Pages

• Pluripotent stem cell
• Embryonic stem cell
• Shinya Yamanaka
• Regenerative medicine