Influenza D virus

Influenza D virus is a species of influenza virus that primarily affects cattle and is not known to infect humans, distinguishing it from other influenza viruses that have significant impacts on human health. It was first isolated from pigs in 2011 and was subsequently identified in cattle.

History

The Influenza D virus was first isolated in 2011 from a pig in Oklahoma, USA. The virus was initially classified as an Influenza C virus, but further analysis revealed significant differences in its structure and life cycle, leading to its reclassification as a separate species.

Structure and Life Cycle

Like all influenza viruses, the Influenza D virus is an Orthomyxovirus, a family of RNA viruses. It has a segmented genome, meaning its genetic material is divided into separate pieces, each of which codes for a different protein. The virus enters host cells by binding to cell surface receptors, then releases its RNA into the cell, where it is replicated and assembled into new virus particles.

Epidemiology

Influenza D virus has been detected in cattle populations in several countries, including the United States, France, and Japan. It is thought to be transmitted primarily through direct contact between infected and susceptible animals, although airborne transmission may also occur. The virus can cause respiratory disease in cattle, but the severity of disease varies widely and many infections are asymptomatic.

Prevention and Control

There is currently no vaccine available for Influenza D virus. Control measures are therefore focused on preventing the introduction of the virus into uninfected herds and managing outbreaks when they occur. This can include quarantine of infected animals, increased biosecurity measures, and monitoring of animal health.

Research

Research into Influenza D virus is ongoing, with scientists working to better understand its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and potential for cross-species transmission. This research is important for improving our ability to prevent and control outbreaks of the virus in cattle populations.