Influenza D virus

An overview of the Influenza D virus

Overview

3D model of an influenza virus

The Influenza D virus is a species of the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also includes Influenza A, B, and C viruses. Unlike the other influenza viruses, Influenza D primarily affects cattle and is not known to infect humans. It was first identified in 2011 and has since been recognized as a distinct genus within the Orthomyxoviridae family.

Virology

Influenza D virus is an enveloped virus with a segmented, negative-sense RNA genome. It has seven segments, which is one less than the eight segments found in Influenza A and B viruses. The virus is spherical or pleomorphic in shape and has surface glycoproteins that are involved in the attachment and entry into host cells.

Genome

The genome of Influenza D virus consists of seven RNA segments that encode for at least nine proteins. These include the hemagglutinin-esterase fusion (HEF) protein, which is responsible for binding to host cell receptors and facilitating viral entry. The other proteins include the nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase complex proteins (PB1, PB2, and PA), matrix proteins (M1 and M2), and non-structural proteins (NS1 and NS2).

Transmission and Hosts

Influenza D virus primarily infects cattle, but it has also been detected in other animals such as swine and sheep. The virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected animals. There is currently no evidence of Influenza D virus causing disease in humans, although serological studies have shown that some individuals have antibodies against the virus, suggesting possible exposure.

Clinical Significance

In cattle, Influenza D virus can cause mild respiratory illness, but it is generally not associated with severe disease. The virus has been studied for its potential role in bovine respiratory disease complex, a multifactorial disease that affects cattle worldwide. Understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Influenza D virus is important for managing respiratory diseases in livestock.

Prevention and Control

Currently, there are no specific vaccines or antiviral treatments for Influenza D virus. Control measures focus on good husbandry practices, biosecurity, and monitoring of animal health to prevent the spread of the virus among livestock.

Research

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the molecular biology of Influenza D virus, its host range, and its potential impact on animal health. Studies are also exploring the virus's evolutionary relationship with other influenza viruses and its potential to cross species barriers.

Related pages

• Influenza A virus
• Influenza B virus
• Influenza C virus
• Orthomyxoviridae
• Bovine respiratory disease complex