Insular biogeography

APES Final

Insular Biogeography (Distance)

Insular Biogeography (Size)

Area species curve herpetofauna

SAR(Species-area curve)

Insular biogeography is a field within biogeography that examines the factors that affect the species richness and diversification of isolated natural communities. The theory was originally developed by E. O. Wilson and Robert MacArthur in the 1960s. It is particularly concerned with the ecological and evolutionary processes that influence species diversity on islands and other isolated habitats, such as mountaintops, lakes, and springs.

Overview

Insular biogeography explores how island size, distance from the mainland, habitat diversity, and isolation influence the balance between immigration and extinction rates of species on islands. The theory posits that larger islands closer to the mainland will have higher species richness than smaller, more remote islands due to a higher rate of immigration and lower rate of extinction. This concept is encapsulated in the Species-area relationship, which suggests a logarithmic relationship between island area and the number of species present.

Key Concepts

Species-Area Relationship

The species-area relationship is a fundamental concept in insular biogeography, indicating that larger areas support more species due to a greater availability of resources, habitats, and ecological niches. This relationship is often described by the equation S = cAz, where S is the number of species, A is the area, c is a constant, and z is a parameter that describes the slope of the relationship on a logarithmic scale.

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography is another cornerstone of insular biogeography, developed by MacArthur and Wilson. It suggests that the number of species on an island represents an equilibrium between the rate of species immigration and the rate of species extinction. The theory predicts that islands at a greater distance from the mainland will have lower immigration rates and, consequently, fewer species. Similarly, smaller islands will have higher extinction rates due to their limited resources and space, leading to fewer species compared to larger islands.

Island Biogeography and Conservation

Insular biogeography has important implications for conservation biology, especially in the context of habitat fragmentation and the creation of "islands" of natural habitats within human-altered landscapes. The principles of insular biogeography are applied to design and manage protected areas to maximize biodiversity by considering factors such as the size of protected areas and their distance from other natural habitats.

Challenges and Criticisms

While the theories of insular biogeography have been influential, they have also faced criticism and challenges. Critics argue that the theory may oversimplify complex ecological and evolutionary processes by focusing primarily on island size and isolation. Additionally, the impact of human activities and climate change on island ecosystems presents new challenges that require a more nuanced understanding of species dynamics.

Conclusion

Insular biogeography provides valuable insights into the patterns and processes that shape the biodiversity of islands and isolated habitats. By understanding these dynamics, conservationists can better design strategies to protect endangered species and manage natural reserves. As ecosystems worldwide face increasing threats, the principles of insular biogeography will continue to be crucial for biodiversity conservation.