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Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe (from Latin: ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. Iron is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Iron's very common presence in the universe is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space.

Properties

Iron is a metal in the first transition series. It is much harder than other elements in the periodic table due to its high tensile strength and malleability. It is also known for its magnetic properties. Iron is an essential element for all forms of life and is non-toxic. The human body requires iron for the synthesis of the oxygen-carrying proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin. Its role in oxygen transport and enzyme activities makes it a critical element for biological processes.

Occurrence

Iron makes up 5% of the Earth's crust and is found in the lithosphere in minerals such as hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), goethite (FeO(OH)), limonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O), and siderite (FeCO3). These minerals are mined as the principal sources of iron. Iron ore is converted into various types of iron through several processes, the most common of which is blast furnace smelting.

Production

The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction processes in blast furnaces. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent to smelt iron ore in a blast furnace. The carbon monoxide produced from burning coke reduces iron oxide (hematite) in the production of the iron product.

Uses

Iron is used to make a wide variety of products including steel, magnets, automotive parts, and construction materials. It is also essential in the chemical industry for the production of pigments, as well as in the manufacture of various chemicals.

Biological Role

Iron is crucial in biology, found in a wide range of enzymes and proteins. It plays an essential role in the transport of oxygen in the blood, in the form of hemoglobin, and in muscle tissue, as myoglobin. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, a condition where the body does not have enough red blood cells to transport oxygen effectively.

Health and Safety

While iron is essential for human health, too much iron can be harmful, leading to conditions such as hemochromatosis, which can cause organ damage. Iron supplements are used to treat iron deficiency and anemia but should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider to avoid iron overload.

Environmental Impact

Iron and its compounds have various impacts on the environment. While iron itself is relatively benign, mining and processing activities can have significant environmental impacts, including habitat destruction and pollution. Efforts are made to mitigate these impacts through regulations and improved technologies.