Islamism

Cover of the second issue of al-Manar magazine, 1899

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2012 Sydney protest

Jokowi berpidato Aksi 2 Desember

Char Etat islamique Raqqa

Reagan sitting with people from the Afghanistan-Pakistan region in February 1983

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Islamism is a political ideology that seeks to implement Islamic law (Sharia) in public and political life. Rooted in the 20th century, it emerged as a response to the perceived moral and cultural decline of Muslim societies under Western influence and colonial rule. Islamists advocate for the establishment of a state governed by Islamic principles, arguing that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life. The movement is diverse, encompassing a wide range of interpretations and strategies, from peaceful political participation to violent jihad.

Origins and Development

The origins of Islamism can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with thinkers like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh advocating for Islamic responses to Western dominance. However, the term "Islamism" itself gained prominence with the later works of figures such as Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1928, and Sayyid Qutb, whose writings would later influence various Islamist movements. These leaders criticized the Westernization of Muslim societies and argued that a return to authentic Islamic values was necessary for revival.

Key Concepts

Islamism revolves around several key concepts: - Sharia: The divine law of Islam, which Islamists argue should be the foundation of the state's legal and political system. - Ummah: The global community of Muslims, which Islamists believe should be united under a single Islamic state or caliphate. - Jihad: While traditionally referring to the spiritual struggle against sin, in the context of Islamism, it often encompasses the struggle against perceived enemies of Islam, including military struggle.

Variants of Islamism

Islamism is not monolithic, and various groups interpret its principles differently: - Political Islamists participate in the political process to achieve their goals, often forming political parties and contesting elections. - Revolutionary Islamists seek to transform society and the state through radical means, including violence. - Salafists emphasize a return to the practices of the salaf, the earliest Muslims, and often reject political engagement for religious purism.

Criticism and Controversy

Islamism has been the subject of significant controversy and criticism, both within Muslim societies and externally. Critics argue that the implementation of Sharia law can lead to the suppression of human rights, particularly women's rights and freedom of expression. The association of certain Islamist groups with terrorism has also led to widespread scrutiny and condemnation.

Islamism in the 21st Century

In the 21st century, the landscape of Islamism has evolved with the rise and fall of groups like ISIS and the changing strategies of established movements like the Muslim Brotherhood. The Arab Spring of 2011 saw a brief moment where Islamists gained political power in several countries, though the aftermath has been varied, with some movements facing severe repression.