Jaw surgery

Jaw surgery, also known as orthognathic surgery, is a type of surgery that aims to correct irregularities of the jaw bones and realign the jaws and teeth to improve the way they work. Making these corrections may also improve facial appearance and how the jaw functions. It is often used to treat a range of minor and major skeletal and dental irregularities, including the misalignment of jaws and teeth. Surgery can improve chewing, speaking and breathing. While the patient's appearance may be dramatically enhanced as a result of the surgery, orthognathic surgery is performed primarily to correct functional problems.

Indications

Orthognathic surgery may be necessary for individuals with an improper bite or jaws that are positioned incorrectly. Jaw growth is a gradual process and in some instances, the upper and lower jaws may grow at different rates. The result can be a host of problems that can affect chewing function, speech, long-term oral health and appearance. Injury to the jaw and birth defects can also affect jaw alignment. Orthodontics alone can correct bite problems when only the teeth are misaligned, but orthognathic surgery is required when the jaws also need repositioning.

Procedure

The surgery is performed by an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon in a hospital setting, involving a collaboration between the surgeon and an orthodontist. It can involve one jaw or both jaws during the same procedure. The process includes pre-surgical orthodontics where the teeth are moved into a new position that will fit together properly after the surgery. The actual surgery can move the jaw(s) forward, backward, upward, or downward, depending on the correction needed. Bone may be added, taken away, or reshaped. Surgical plates, screws, wires, and rubber bands may be used to secure the jaws in their new positions. After surgery, there is a period of approximately 6 weeks of rest and recovery, followed by post-surgical orthodontics to fine-tune the bite and ensure the teeth continue to move into their optimal positions.

Risks and Complications

As with any major surgical procedure, orthognathic surgery carries risks, such as infection, bleeding, or the need for further surgery. There are also risks related to the use of anesthesia. Other potential complications include relapse of the jaw to its original position, damage to the teeth or jaw, and changes in feeling in the face and lips due to nerve damage, although this is usually temporary.

Recovery

Recovery from jaw surgery can vary, depending on the individual and the extent of the surgery. Initial healing typically takes about six weeks, during which time the patient will follow a diet of liquids and soft foods. Swelling, discomfort, and limited jaw movement are common but decrease during the healing process. Complete recovery and the final result of the surgery may not be fully apparent until 12 to 24 months after the procedure.

Conclusion

Orthognathic surgery is a significant medical procedure that can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with certain jaw and teeth alignment problems. It requires a commitment to a lengthy process that includes not just the surgery itself, but also pre-surgical and post-surgical orthodontic treatment. The collaboration between the oral and maxillofacial surgeon and the orthodontist is crucial for a successful outcome. Patients considering orthognathic surgery should discuss all aspects of the procedure, including the potential risks and benefits, with their healthcare providers.