Temporomandibular joint disorder

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD, TMJD) is an umbrella term covering pain and dysfunction of the musculoskeletal and jaw joint structures, including the temporomandibular joint itself, nearby muscles, and associated tissues. It is a subtype of temporomandibular disorders, which can also include other problems related to the jaw and face.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of TMD is pain, which can be present in the jaw, face, or neck. Other symptoms can include difficulty opening the mouth wide, jaw locking in the open or closed position, and sounds of clicking or popping in the jaw joint. Some people may also experience tinnitus, headaches, and ear pain.

Causes

The exact cause of TMD is often unclear, but it is generally believed to result from a combination of physical, psychological, and genetic factors. Physical factors can include jaw injury, arthritis, and bruxism (teeth grinding). Psychological factors such as stress and anxiety can also contribute to TMD, as they can lead to behaviors that put strain on the jaw, such as clenching the teeth.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of TMD is typically based on the patient's symptoms and a physical examination of the jaw. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs may also be used to help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment

Treatment for TMD typically involves a combination of self-care practices, physical therapy, and medications. In some cases, surgical procedures may be necessary. Self-care practices can include eating soft foods, applying heat or cold to the jaw, and avoiding extreme jaw movements. Physical therapy can involve exercises to stretch and strengthen the jaw muscles. Medications can include pain relievers, muscle relaxants, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

See also

• Bruxism
• Orofacial pain
• Trigeminal neuralgia

References

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