Jewish views on marriage

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Israëls-A Jewish Wedding-1903

Brooklyn Museum - Jewish Marriage Certificate - overall

Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Het Joodse bruidje

Homophobic protestors-02. Haifa 2010

Jewish views on marriage are based on the traditional religious laws of Judaism and the interpretations of these laws over time. Marriage, known as Kiddushin, is considered both a legal and a sacred covenant in Jewish tradition. It is a central and cherished institution, with its own customs, laws, and rituals deeply rooted in Jewish history and theology.

Biblical Foundations

The foundation of Jewish marriage is deeply embedded in the Hebrew Bible, where marriage is viewed as a divine covenant. The Bible describes the creation of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, and their union as the basis for the family unit. The importance of marriage is further emphasized in the narratives of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs. For instance, the marriages of Isaac and Rebekah and Jacob, Leah, and Rachel are significant stories that highlight the values and customs surrounding marriage in ancient Jewish society.

Halachic Perspectives

In Jewish law, or Halacha, marriage consists of two main stages: Erusin (betrothal) and Nissuin (marriage proper). Historically, these two stages were separated by a period of time, but in contemporary practice, they are usually performed together in a single ceremony. The laws governing Jewish marriage are detailed in the Talmud and later rabbinic literature, covering aspects such as eligibility, the marriage contract (Ketubah), and the requirements for a valid marriage.

Marriage Ceremony

The traditional Jewish wedding ceremony is rich with symbolism and ritual. It typically includes the signing of the Ketubah, the marriage contract; the Chuppah, a canopy under which the couple stands during the ceremony, symbolizing their future home together; the Sheva Brachot (Seven Blessings), recited over a cup of wine; and the breaking of a glass, commemorating the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.

Roles and Responsibilities

Jewish views on the roles and responsibilities within marriage are derived from biblical and rabbinic teachings. The husband and wife are seen as partners in a sacred covenant, with mutual obligations to each other. Traditional roles have evolved over time, and contemporary Jewish marriages often reflect a more egalitarian approach, especially within Reform and Conservative communities.

Marriage and Family Life

Family life is highly valued in Judaism, and the home is seen as a central place of religious practice, education, and hospitality. The Shabbat and Jewish holidays are traditionally celebrated in the home, with special meals and rituals that strengthen family bonds. The commandment to "be fruitful and multiply" (Pru u'Revu) is also a central aspect of Jewish views on marriage and family.

Intermarriage

Intermarriage, marriage between a Jewish individual and a non-Jewish individual, is a complex and sensitive issue within the Jewish community. Traditional Jewish law prohibits intermarriage, and it remains a topic of significant debate, especially among more liberal Jewish denominations which have adopted various approaches to address the realities of intermarriage in contemporary society.

Divorce

Jewish law also provides for the dissolution of marriage through divorce. The process is governed by specific laws and rituals, including the giving of a Get (Jewish bill of divorce) by the husband to the wife. Divorce is permitted in Judaism, but it is seen as a last resort after all efforts at reconciliation have failed.

Conclusion

Jewish views on marriage encompass a wide range of laws, rituals, and customs that reflect the diversity and depth of Jewish religious life. Marriage is not only a legal agreement but a sacred covenant that embodies the values of love, commitment, and continuity of the Jewish people.