Köçek

Musicians and dancers from ottoman empire

Koceks - Surname-i Vehbi

Performing Kocek

François Martin-Kavel - L'odalisque

Köçek was a traditional form of dance and entertainment in the Ottoman Empire that combined elements of music, dance, and sometimes theater. Köçeks were typically young males, often of non-Turkish origin, who dressed in feminine attire and performed erotic dances for entertainment at various gatherings, including in the courts of sultans, in the military, and for the public during festivals. The practice of köçek dance dates back to the 17th century and continued until the late 19th century when it began to decline, eventually disappearing in the early 20th century with the modernization efforts of the Turkish Republic.

History

The origins of the köçek tradition can be traced back to the early years of the Ottoman Empire, with significant development during the 17th century. Köçeks were often recruited from among the ranks of non-Muslim subjects or slaves, who were taken into the Ottoman palaces as youths. These dancers were highly trained in the art of dance and music, and their performances were an integral part of Ottoman high society's entertainment.

Performance

Köçek performances were characterized by their elaborate costumes, which included brightly colored silks, sequins, and sometimes feathers. The dancers performed to the accompaniment of classical Ottoman music, using instruments such as the oud, ney, and percussion. The dance itself was a blend of sensuality and grace, with movements that emphasized the hips and arms. Köçek performances were not only a form of entertainment but also an expression of the aesthetic and cultural values of the Ottoman Empire.

Cultural Significance

The köçek tradition held a complex place within Ottoman society. On one hand, it was celebrated for its artistic and entertainment value. On the other hand, it was the subject of moral scrutiny and controversy, particularly from religious authorities. The gender ambiguity and erotic nature of the köçek performances challenged the social norms of the time, leading to debates about morality and propriety.

Decline and Legacy

The decline of the köçek tradition began in the late 19th century, as the Ottoman Empire underwent significant social and political changes. The rise of Westernization and modernization efforts, particularly under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, led to a shift in cultural values. The köçek, along with other traditional forms of entertainment, was seen as incompatible with the new, modern Turkish identity. By the early 20th century, köçek performances had largely disappeared from public life.

Despite its disappearance, the köçek tradition has left a lasting impact on Turkish culture. It is remembered as a unique and vibrant expression of Ottoman artistic and social life, and it continues to be studied by scholars interested in the history of performance, gender, and sexuality in the Middle East.