Kakemono

Hanging scroll and Ikebana 1

Kakemono (掛物), also known as kakejiku (掛軸), is a traditional Japanese art form that consists of a painting or calligraphy on silk or paper, displayed by hanging it vertically on a wall. The term "kakemono" can be translated to mean "hanging thing" in English. This art form is an integral part of Japanese interior decoration and plays a significant role in the tea ceremony and other cultural and spiritual settings.

History and Background

The tradition of kakemono originated in China during the Song Dynasty and was later introduced to Japan in the Heian Period (794-1185). Initially, it was used primarily in Buddhist temples, where religious texts and symbols were displayed. Over time, the use of kakemono spread to the samurai class and then to the general populace, evolving into a significant aspect of Japanese culture and aesthetics.

Components and Structure

A kakemono consists of several components. The main artwork, which can be either a painting or calligraphy, is known as the "honshi." This is mounted on a flexible backing, allowing it to be rolled for storage. The top of the kakemono features a wooden roller, called a "jikusaki," which adds weight and helps in hanging the scroll properly. The bottom roller, also known as "jikubo," ensures that the scroll hangs straight and does not curl up.

The fabric borders that frame the honshi are known as "ichimonji" and "futai," which not only enhance the visual appeal of the scroll but also protect its edges. A silk or brocade cover, called a "hyōgu," is used to protect the kakemono when not in use.

Artistic Significance

Kakemono are highly valued for their artistic and aesthetic qualities. They often depict themes from nature, such as flowers, birds, landscapes, and seasonal changes, reflecting the Japanese appreciation for the beauty of the natural world. Calligraphic kakemono may feature poems, famous sayings, or philosophical texts, showcasing the beauty of Japanese and Chinese characters.

The choice of subject, along with the style of painting or calligraphy, reflects the artist's skill and the philosophical or spiritual message they wish to convey. The transient nature of kakemono, being easily changed or replaced according to season or occasion, also symbolizes the impermanence and constant change inherent in life.

Cultural and Spiritual Significance

In addition to their decorative purpose, kakemono play a significant role in the tea ceremony, a ritualized form of making and serving tea. The choice of kakemono for a tea ceremony is carefully considered, with the theme of the scroll complementing the season and the spiritual message intended for the gathering.

Kakemono are also used in Zen Buddhism for meditation and contemplation. Scrolls featuring Zen koans or images of Bodhidharma, the founder of Zen Buddhism, are common in temples and private meditation spaces.

Preservation and Care

Due to their delicate materials, kakemono require careful handling and preservation. They should be displayed away from direct sunlight to prevent fading and should be rolled and stored in a dry place when not in use. Periodic airing and changing of scrolls are recommended to prevent damage from humidity and pests.

Conclusion

Kakemono are a testament to the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of Japan. They embody the Japanese aesthetic principles of simplicity, nature, and impermanence, serving not only as beautiful decorative pieces but also as mediums for spiritual and philosophical contemplation.