Khmer Empire

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នៅប្រាសាទបន្ទាយស្រី៦ - at Banteay Srei 6

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04-Koh Ker-nX-18

Baksei Chamkrong

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Stele with seated Buddha from Cambodia or northeast Thailand, Khmer, 12th century, sandstone, HAA

Khmer Empire was a powerful state in Southeast Asia, flourishing from the 9th to the 15th century. The empire is best known for its monumental architecture, including the world-renowned temple of Angkor Wat, and as a pivotal force in the cultural, political, and social development of the region. Its influence extended over what is today Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.

History

The Khmer Empire originated from the kingdom of Chenla, which itself had emerged from the earlier kingdom of Funan. The empire's foundation is traditionally dated to 802 CE, when King Jayavarman II declared independence from Java and proclaimed himself a universal monarch or 'Devaraja'. This event is considered the beginning of the Angkor period, named after its capital city, Angkor, which would become one of the largest pre-industrial urban centers in the world.

Under successive kings, the empire expanded its territory and influence, reaching its zenith in the 12th century under Suryavarman II, who constructed Angkor Wat, and Jayavarman VII, known for building the city of Angkor Thom and the temples of Bayon and Ta Prohm. The empire was a complex hydraulic society, with sophisticated water management systems facilitating intensive agriculture, which supported a large population and army.

Culture

The Khmer Empire was a melting pot of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, with significant influences from India. This is evident in its architecture, art, and inscriptions. Hinduism was the dominant religion initially, with the worship of Shiva and Vishnu prevalent. However, Mahayana Buddhism became increasingly popular in the later years of the empire, especially under Jayavarman VII, who was a devout Buddhist.

The empire's official language was Sanskrit, used in inscriptions and religious texts, but Khmer, the language of the people, was also used extensively. The art and architecture of the Khmer Empire are among its most enduring legacies, with Angkor Wat being the most iconic example. The empire's artists and architects created a unique style that combined native animistic beliefs with Hindu and Buddhist themes.

Economy

The economy of the Khmer Empire was based on agriculture, trade, and taxation. Rice was the staple crop, supported by an elaborate system of canals, dykes, and reservoirs, known as barays, for irrigation and water management. This system allowed for the production of multiple crops per year, supporting a large population.

Trade was another crucial component of the economy, with the empire engaging in both overland and maritime trade. It exported goods such as gold, silver, silks, spices, and sandalwood to neighboring states and as far away as China and India.

Decline

The decline of the Khmer Empire is attributed to a combination of factors, including over-exploitation of the land, internal strife, and pressure from neighboring states. The Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya emerged as a powerful rival, capturing Angkor in 1431 and marking the end of the empire's dominance. However, the legacy of the Khmer Empire continued to influence the region, particularly in terms of culture, architecture, and language.

Legacy

The Khmer Empire left an indelible mark on Southeast Asia. Its monumental architecture and art continue to fascinate people around the world. The techniques and styles developed during the empire's height influenced subsequent architectural developments in the region. Moreover, the empire played a crucial role in the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia, shaping the religious landscape of the area.

The study of the Khmer Empire also provides valuable insights into ancient hydraulic engineering, urban planning, and the management of complex societies. Despite its decline, the empire's achievements in these areas remain relevant to contemporary discussions on sustainability and urban development.