Krokodil

1924-HVZ-Mag2

The Editorial Staff of Krokodil by P Belyanin 1929

Krokodil is a street name for desomorphine, a semi-synthetic opioid developed in 1932 in the United States. It gained its nickname, "krokodil" (Russian for crocodile), due to the green, scaly appearance of skin in the areas where the drug has been injected. Krokodil is known for its highly addictive properties and the severe health issues it causes, making it a subject of concern among public health officials and law enforcement agencies worldwide.

History

Desomorphine was first synthesized in an attempt to find a less addictive substitute for morphine. However, the drug's potential for abuse and addiction was quickly realized, and its medical use was limited. The illicit version, known as krokodil, emerged in Russia in the early 2000s. Its use spread among individuals who were already using opioids, attracted by its low cost and relatively simple synthesis from codeine, which was available without a prescription in Russia until 2012.

Effects

Krokodil's effects are similar to those of other opioids: euphoria, sedation, and pain relief. However, these effects are short-lived, leading users to administer the drug more frequently, which increases the risk of addiction and adverse health effects. The most notorious of these effects is the severe tissue damage at the injection site, including necrosis, gangrene, and phlebitis. Long-term use can lead to limb amputations, speech and motor skills impairment, and compromised immune function.

Health Risks

The health risks associated with krokodil are severe. The process of synthesizing desomorphine from codeine involves toxic substances like hydrochloric acid, iodine, and red phosphorus. Users often inject the drug without removing these impurities, leading to serious damage to the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and bones. Infections, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C, are also common among users due to the sharing of needles.

Legal Status

Krokodil is illegal in most countries, including the United States and those in the European Union. However, its clandestine production and use continue, particularly in regions where access to other opioids is limited. Efforts to combat the spread of krokodil include stricter regulation of precursor chemicals, increased penalties for its production and distribution, and programs aimed at treating addiction and preventing drug abuse.

See Also

• Opioid epidemic
• Drug addiction
• Harm reduction