Libretto

Libretto_Cover_Andrea_Chenier

Mascagni_and_Librettists

Ernani_Libretto_1859

Henry_Purcell_portrait_by_John_Closterman

Adolfo_De_Karolis_(1874-1928),_La_figlia_di_Iorio_(1914)

Libretto

A libretto (Italian for "little book") is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, musical, oratorio, cantata, or ballet. The term is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as masses, requiems, and passions. The libretto is distinct from the score, which refers to the musical notation.

History

The tradition of the libretto dates back to the early 17th century, with the emergence of opera as a distinct art form. Early librettists often collaborated closely with composers to create works that were both musically and dramatically compelling. Notable early librettists include Ottavio Rinuccini, who worked with Jacopo Peri and Claudio Monteverdi, and Pietro Metastasio, whose works were set to music by numerous composers.

Structure

A libretto typically includes the dialogue, lyrics, and stage directions for a musical work. It may be written in verse or prose, and it often follows a specific structure that aligns with the musical composition. The libretto serves as a blueprint for the performers, providing the narrative and emotional context for the music.

Language

Librettos are often written in the native language of the composer or the intended audience. However, many famous operas have been translated into multiple languages to reach a broader audience. For example, Mozart's operas, originally written in Italian and German, have been performed in numerous languages worldwide.

Famous Librettists

Some of the most renowned librettists in history include:

• Lorenzo Da Ponte, who collaborated with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on operas such as The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte.
• Arrigo Boito, who worked with Giuseppe Verdi on Otello and Falstaff.
• Hugo von Hofmannsthal, who partnered with Richard Strauss on works like Der Rosenkavalier and Ariadne auf Naxos.

Modern Usage

In contemporary musical theatre, the term "libretto" is often used interchangeably with "book," referring to the script of a musical. Modern librettists continue to play a crucial role in the creation of new works, collaborating with composers to develop the narrative and lyrical content.

Related Pages

• Opera
• Operetta
• Musical theatre
• Oratorio
• Cantata
• Ballet
• Score (music)
• Lorenzo Da Ponte
• Arrigo Boito
• Hugo von Hofmannsthal