Limiting factor

Limiting factor refers to any environmental condition or resource that restricts the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem. The concept of limiting factors is based on the Liebig's law of the minimum, which states that growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available, but by the scarcest resource (limiting factor).

Overview

In ecology, limiting factors can be classified into two categories: density-dependent factors and density-independent factors. Density-dependent factors are factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary with the population density. These include competition, predation, parasitism and disease. On the other hand, density-independent factors are factors that affect population size regardless of the population's density. These include weather, natural disasters, and certain human activities.

Examples of Limiting Factors

Light

In the context of photosynthesis in plants, light can be a limiting factor. Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesise very quickly, even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide.

Temperature

Temperature can also be a limiting factor. Enzymes that catalyse metabolic reactions in organisms work within a certain temperature range, and outside of this range, the rate of metabolism decreases.

Nutrients

In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, the availability of nutrients can limit the growth and reproduction of organisms. For example, in many ecosystems, the availability of nitrogen or phosphorus can limit plant growth.

See also

• Carrying capacity
• Ecological niche
• Population dynamics