Lipid peroxidation
(Redirected from Lipoperoxide)
Lipid peroxidation is a biochemical process that involves the oxidative degradation of lipids. It is a crucial mechanism in cell biology as it can lead to cell damage and is implicated in a variety of diseases.
Overview[edit | edit source]
Lipid peroxidation is a process in which free radicals steal electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage. This process proceeds by a free radical chain reaction mechanism. It most often affects polyunsaturated fatty acids, because they contain multiple double bonds, in between which lie methylene bridges (-CH2-) that possess especially reactive hydrogens.
Mechanism[edit | edit source]
The process of lipid peroxidation begins with a hydrogen atom being taken away from a carbon atom in the lipid molecule by a reactive species, such as a free radical. This results in the formation of a fatty acid radical. If oxygen is present, it will interact with the fatty acid radical to form a peroxyl-fatty acid radical. The peroxyl-fatty acid radical can then react with a second fatty acid molecule to generate a different fatty acid radical and a lipid peroxide, or a cyclic peroxide if it had reacted with itself. This new fatty acid radical can then react with another molecule of oxygen creating a new peroxyl-fatty acid radical. This cycle continues, resulting in an amplification of the oxidative damage.
Biological implications[edit | edit source]
Lipid peroxidation can lead to the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a reactive aldehyde and is one of the many reactive electrophile species that cause toxic stress in cells and forms covalent protein adducts referred to as advanced lipoxidation end-products (ALE), in addition to its role as a signaling molecule. Other aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) are also produced. These aldehydes can form covalent adducts with many biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, and DNA.
Role in disease[edit | edit source]
Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in a number of diseases and health conditions, including atherosclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. It is also involved in aging and is thought to play a role in the development of complications in diabetes.
Measurement[edit | edit source]
Several methods are available for measuring lipid peroxidation, including the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay, which measures the concentration of malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation.
Prevention and treatment[edit | edit source]
Antioxidants, such as vitamin E and vitamin C, can help prevent lipid peroxidation by neutralizing free radicals. In addition, certain dietary interventions and lifestyle changes, such as a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and regular exercise, can also help reduce the risk of lipid peroxidation.
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD