Lithospermum

Nawrot czerwonoblekitny Lithospermum purpurocaeruceum

Lithospermum is a genus of flowering plants in the Boraginaceae family, which is known for its diverse species often characterized by their bright, colorful flowers and hard, nutlet fruits. The name Lithospermum is derived from Greek words lithos meaning stone and sperma meaning seed, referring to the hard, stone-like seeds produced by plants in this genus. These plants are commonly found across various habitats, including temperate and tropical regions of the Americas, Asia, and Europe.

Description

Plants within the Lithospermum genus are typically herbaceous, with some species being perennial and others annual. They possess lanceolate to ovate leaves that are arranged alternately along the stem. The flowers of Lithospermum species are usually tubular and can be found in shades of yellow, red, blue, or purple, often attracting a variety of pollinators including bees and butterflies. The fruit of these plants is a nutlet, which is hard and contains one seed, as suggested by the genus name.

Ecology

Lithospermum species play a significant role in their ecosystems, providing nectar and pollen for a variety of pollinating insects. The hard seeds are adapted to survive wildfires, which are common in some of the habitats where these plants grow, allowing the species to quickly re-establish after fire disturbances. Some species of Lithospermum are also used as food plants by the larvae of certain Lepidoptera species.

Uses

Several Lithospermum species are valued for their medicinal properties, traditional uses, and as ornamental plants. For example, Lithospermum erythrorhizon is known for its root, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The root contains shikonin, a compound that gives it a deep red color, which is also used as a natural dye. As ornamental plants, species such as Lithospermum canescens (Hoary puccoon) and Lithospermum caroliniense (Carolina puccoon) are appreciated for their bright and attractive flowers.

Conservation

The conservation status of Lithospermum species varies widely. While some species are common and widespread, others are considered rare and are threatened by habitat loss, invasive species, and changes in land use. Conservation efforts for these plants often involve habitat preservation and the management of threats to ensure the survival of rare and endangered Lithospermum species.

Selected Species

• Lithospermum arvense – Field Gromwell
• Lithospermum canescens – Hoary Puccoon
• Lithospermum caroliniense (syn. L. croceum) – Carolina Puccoon
• Lithospermum erythrorhizon – Purple Gromwell
• Lithospermum officinale – Common Gromwell

See Also

• Boraginaceae
• Medicinal plants
• Ornamental plants
• Pollination