Nontuberculous mycobacteria

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are types of Mycobacterium that are not classified as part of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. These bacteria are found in various environments, including water and soil, and can cause a range of diseases in humans.

Classification

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are classified into two main groups: slow-growing and rapid-growing. The slow-growing species include Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium kansasii, while the rapid-growing species include Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae.

Epidemiology

NTM are ubiquitous in the environment, and humans are constantly exposed to these organisms. However, not everyone exposed to NTM will develop disease. Factors such as age, gender, and underlying health conditions can influence the risk of developing NTM disease.

Clinical Manifestations

NTM can cause a variety of diseases, including pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis, skin disease, and disseminated disease. The type of disease often depends on the species of NTM and the individual's immune status.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of NTM disease typically involves a combination of clinical, radiographic, and microbiologic criteria. This may include sputum culture, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography (CT) scans.

Treatment

Treatment of NTM disease can be challenging and typically involves a combination of antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, surgery. The choice of treatment often depends on the species of NTM and the individual's overall health status.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for NTM disease are not well established, largely because these organisms are so widespread in the environment. However, some general measures, such as avoiding exposure to dust and aerosols, may help reduce the risk of NTM disease.