Majapahit

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Nagarakertagama

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Harihara Majapahit 1

Majapahit was an empire centered in East Java, Indonesia, which is remembered as a golden period of Indonesian history. Its influence extended beyond the modern boundaries of Indonesia to encompass parts of Southeast Asia. The empire was founded by Raden Wijaya, with its capital initially located at Trowulan. Majapahit reached its peak of power during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, from 1350 to 1389, under whom it achieved a high level of cultural and economic prosperity.

History

The foundation of the Majapahit Empire is closely tied to the decline of the Singhasari kingdom, which was previously the dominant power in the region. Following the Mongol invasion of Java and the subsequent fall of Singhasari, Raden Wijaya established Majapahit in 1293. The empire's name is thought to derive from the bitter maja fruit, symbolizing the struggle of its founding.

Under the leadership of Gajah Mada, Majapahit's prime minister, the empire embarked on a series of military campaigns known as the Pamalayu expedition to extend its influence. These efforts culminated in the establishment of a thalassocracy or maritime empire, with tributary states ranging from the Malay Peninsula to parts of the Philippines.

Culture

Majapahit society was sophisticated and highly organized, with a complex system of agriculture, trade, and taxation. The empire was known for its significant achievements in literature, sculpture, and architecture, much of which was influenced by Hindu-Buddhist culture. The Nagarakretagama, an epic poem written in 1365, provides a detailed account of Majapahit's cultural and political life, as well as its extensive territorial domain.

Economy

The economy of Majapahit was largely based on agriculture, with rice being the staple food. However, trade played a crucial role in the empire's prosperity. Majapahit's strategic location allowed it to control trade routes between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, facilitating the exchange of spices, silk, and other valuable commodities. The empire was also known for its skilled artisans, who produced fine jewelry, textiles, and metalwork.

Decline

The decline of Majapahit began in the early 15th century, attributed to internal conflicts, economic difficulties, and the rise of Islamic sultanates in the region. By the end of the 16th century, the once-mighty empire had fragmented into smaller principalities, marking the end of Hindu-Buddhist dominance in Indonesia.

Legacy

The Majapahit Empire left a lasting legacy on Indonesian culture, language, and art. Its history is celebrated in Javanese literature and folklore, and its influence can be seen in the architectural styles of temples and monuments throughout Indonesia. The concept of Nusantara, or the Indonesian archipelago as a unified maritime domain, has its roots in Majapahit's expansive vision.