Mandibular prominence

Mandibular prominence is a structure that forms part of the embryonic development of the human face. It is one of the two prominences that develop from the first pharyngeal arch, also known as the mandibular arch, with the other being the maxillary prominence.

Development[edit | edit source]

The mandibular prominence forms during the fourth week of embryogenesis. It is initially composed of mesenchyme, a type of embryonic connective tissue, which is derived from the neural crest cells. These cells migrate from the neural crest to the first pharyngeal arch, where they proliferate and condense to form the mandibular prominence.

The development of the mandibular prominence is regulated by several genes and growth factors, including Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs). These factors are involved in the patterning and growth of the mandibular prominence, as well as the differentiation of the mesenchyme into various cell types.

Structure[edit | edit source]

The mandibular prominence gives rise to several structures of the lower face and neck. These include the mandible (lower jaw), the lower part of the face, the malleus and incus (two of the three ossicles in the middle ear), and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Clinical significance[edit | edit source]

Abnormal development of the mandibular prominence can lead to various congenital disorders, such as Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins syndrome. These conditions are characterized by underdevelopment of the mandible, which can cause difficulties with feeding, breathing, and speech.