Manduca quinquemaculata

Manduca quinquemaculata MHNT CUT 2010 0 116 Schuylkill Haven, Schuylkill Co. Penna male dorsal

Tomato hornworm

Tobacco Hornworm 1

Manduca quinquemaculata MHNT CUT 2010 0 116 Sorel-Tracy Quebec Canada female dorsal

Manduca quinquemaculata MHNT CUT 2010 0 116 Sorel-Tracy Quebec Canada female ventral

Tomato hornworm in garden

Manduca quinquemaculata, commonly known as the Five-spotted Hawk Moth or the Tomato Hornworm, is a species of moth in the family Sphingidae. This moth is notable for its larval stage, which is a major pest of tomato, eggplant, pepper, and potato plants. The species is native to North America, where it is widely distributed across the United States, Mexico, and parts of Canada.

Description

The adult Manduca quinquemaculata has a wingspan of approximately 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm), making it one of the larger moths in its range. The forewings are olive-brown, while the hindwings are orange with black bands. The moth's common name, Five-spotted Hawk Moth, derives from the five yellow-orange spots found on the abdomen's dorsal side.

The larvae, known as tomato hornworms, are easily recognizable by their bright green color, diagonal stripes, and a distinctive horn on the rear end. They can grow up to 4 inches (10 cm) in length, making them one of the largest caterpillars found in their native range.

Life Cycle

Manduca quinquemaculata undergoes a complete metamorphosis, with four life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult (moth). Females lay their spherical, greenish eggs on the underside of host plant leaves. The eggs hatch into larvae, which feed voraciously on the leaves and stems of their host plants. After several weeks of feeding and growing, the larvae burrow into the ground to pupate. The pupal stage lasts for 2 to 4 weeks during the summer, but it can extend over the winter in colder climates. Adults emerge from the pupae, mate, and the cycle begins anew.

Habitat and Distribution

Manduca quinquemaculata is found throughout North America, from Canada to Mexico. It inhabits a wide range of environments, including agricultural areas, gardens, and open fields. The moth's larvae are particularly associated with plants in the Solanaceae family, such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and potatoes.

Pest Control

Due to its status as a pest on various economically important crops, controlling Manduca quinquemaculata populations is a concern for farmers and gardeners. Common control methods include manual removal of larvae, use of biological control agents such as the parasitic wasp Bracon spp., and application of chemical insecticides. However, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that combine multiple control methods are recommended to minimize environmental impact.

Conservation

While Manduca quinquemaculata is not considered endangered or threatened, its role in the ecosystem as a pollinator and as part of the food web should not be overlooked. Efforts to control its populations should be balanced with the conservation of beneficial insects and overall biodiversity.