Maya civilization

Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Maya peoples, and noted for its hieroglyphic script—the only known fully developed writing system of the pre-Columbian Americas—as well as for its art, architecture, mathematics, calendar, and astronomical system. The Maya civilization developed in an area that encompasses southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

History

The history of the Maya civilization is often divided into three major periods: the Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic periods. The Preclassic period (2000 BC to 250 AD) saw the establishment and development of the complex societies of the Maya. The Classic period (250 AD to 900 AD) was the civilization's heyday, with the construction of monumental architecture and the development of a distinctive sculptural style. The Postclassic period (900 AD to 1500s AD) was characterized by increased militarism and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.

Society

Maya society was highly complex, with a range of social classes from ruling elites to slaves. The society was organized into city-states, each with its own ruling dynasty. The Maya practiced a variety of economic activities, including agriculture, trade, and craft production.

Religion

The Maya religion was a complex polytheistic system with a pantheon of gods and goddesses. The Maya believed in a cyclical view of time and a cosmology that included a three-tiered universe: the heavens, the earth, and the underworld.

Achievements

The Maya civilization is noted for its achievements in various fields. In Maya mathematics, they developed a sophisticated number system, including the concept of zero. In Maya astronomy, they made accurate calendars and astronomical observations. The Maya were also skilled architects and artists, creating impressive buildings and works of art.

Decline

The reasons for the decline of the Maya civilization are still a topic of research and debate among scholars. Some theories suggest that environmental changes, warfare, overpopulation, or a combination of these factors led to the civilization's downfall.

Legacy

The legacy of the Maya civilization is evident in the continued existence of Maya peoples today, many of whom maintain aspects of traditional culture, language, and belief systems.