Memantine

Medication used to treat Alzheimer's disease

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

• Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.

• Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.

• Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.

• Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

• Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.

• Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

• Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Biopharmaceutical
• Immunotherapy
• Hybridoma technology

Memantine is a medication used to treat moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. It is less preferred than acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil and rivastigmine. Memantine is taken by mouth.

Medical uses

Memantine is primarily used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is believed to work by blocking NMDA receptors, which are involved in synaptic plasticity and memory. This action helps to reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, such as cognitive decline and memory loss.

Side effects

Common side effects of memantine include dizziness, headache, confusion, and constipation. Serious side effects are rare but can include hallucinations, hypertension, and seizures.

Pharmacology

Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist. It binds to the NMDA receptor with a higher affinity than magnesium ions, which are naturally present in the synapse. This binding prevents excessive calcium influx into the neuron, which can lead to neuronal damage and cell death.

Pharmacokinetics

Memantine is well absorbed after oral administration, with a bioavailability of nearly 100%. It is minimally metabolized in the liver and is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine. The elimination half-life of memantine is between 60 and 100 hours.

History

Memantine was first synthesized and developed by Eli Lilly and Company in the 1960s. It was later marketed by Merz Pharmaceuticals under the brand name Namenda. It was approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003.

Research

Research is ongoing to explore the potential use of memantine in other neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Studies are also being conducted to investigate its effects on depression and anxiety.

See also

• Alzheimer's disease
• Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
• NMDA receptor
• Donepezil
• Rivastigmine

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