Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as MDMA, is a synthetic drug that alters mood and perception. It is chemically similar to both stimulants and hallucinogens, producing feelings of increased energy, pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorted sensory and time perception. MDMA is commonly known as "ecstasy" or "molly" when sold in pill or powder form.

History

MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck. It was initially developed as a potential appetite suppressant, but its psychoactive effects were not discovered until the 1970s. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, MDMA gained popularity as a therapeutic aid in psychotherapy, particularly in the United States. However, due to concerns about its safety and potential for abuse, MDMA was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States in 1985.

Pharmacology

MDMA acts primarily by increasing the activity of three neurotransmitters in the brain: serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. The release of large amounts of serotonin likely causes the mood-lifting effects of MDMA, as well as the feelings of emotional closeness and empathy. The increase in dopamine and norepinephrine contributes to the stimulant effects of the drug.

Mechanism of Action

MDMA enters the presynaptic neuron via the serotonin transporter and promotes the release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft. It also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, leading to increased serotonin levels in the synapse. Additionally, MDMA affects the transporters for dopamine and norepinephrine, enhancing their release and inhibiting their reuptake.

Effects

The effects of MDMA typically begin 30 to 45 minutes after ingestion and last 3 to 6 hours. Users report feelings of euphoria, increased sociability, and heightened sensory perception. However, MDMA can also cause negative effects such as anxiety, agitation, and paranoia.

Short-term Effects

• Euphoria
• Increased energy and alertness
• Emotional warmth and empathy
• Distorted sensory and time perception
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Long-term Effects

Chronic use of MDMA can lead to neurotoxicity, particularly affecting serotonin neurons. This can result in long-term cognitive deficits, including memory impairment and depression.

Risks and Safety

MDMA use carries several risks, including dehydration, hyperthermia, and serotonin syndrome. The drug can also be adulterated with other substances, increasing the risk of adverse effects. Users are advised to stay hydrated and avoid overheating when using MDMA.

Therapeutic Use

Despite its classification as a Schedule I drug, MDMA is being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits, particularly in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clinical trials have shown promising results, leading to a resurgence of interest in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.

Legal Status

MDMA is illegal in most countries, classified as a Schedule I substance in the United States, indicating a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. However, research into its therapeutic potential is ongoing, and some countries have allowed limited medical use under strict conditions.

Also see

• Psychedelic therapy
• Serotonin
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Substance abuse
• Post-traumatic stress disorder