Military history of India

Kurukshetra

War over the Buddha's Relics, South Gate, Stupa no. 1, Sanchi

Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE)

Sunga horseman Bharhut

Indian ship on lead coin of Vashishtiputra Shri Pulumavi

Military history of India encompasses the military history of the Indian subcontinent from the ancient period up to the modern era. The region of India has been a significant field of military activities over the centuries, witnessing numerous wars, battles, and military campaigns. The military history of India is marked by the strategies, heroism, and innovations of its people in warfare.

Ancient Period

The ancient period of Indian military history is characterized by the epic battles described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. These texts, while partly mythological, reflect the martial traditions and the importance of warfare in ancient Indian society. The use of chariots, elephants, and large infantry formations were common. The Maurya Empire under Chandragupta Maurya and his advisor Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) is notable for its military strategies and the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy.

Medieval Period

During the medieval period, India saw the rise and fall of several powerful empires such as the Gupta Empire, the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire. The introduction of cavalry and advancements in military technology, including the use of gunpowder, significantly influenced warfare. The Rajput kingdoms are also renowned for their chivalry and valor in battles. The period was marked by significant battles such as the Battle of Tarain and the establishment of Islamic rule in parts of India.

Early Modern Period

The early modern period was dominated by the expansion of the Mughal Empire and the resistance from various regional powers such as the Maratha Empire, the Sikh Empire, and the various South Indian kingdoms. The Mughals introduced new warfare techniques, artillery, and a centralized military administration. The Marathas, known for their guerrilla warfare tactics, played a crucial role in resisting Mughal dominance and later the British East India Company.

Colonial Period

The colonial period saw the rise of the British East India Company and the eventual establishment of the British Raj. The military history of this period is marked by numerous conflicts such as the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Anglo-Maratha Wars, and the Sikh Wars. The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, was a significant uprising against British rule, which led to the reorganization of the Indian Army under the British Crown.

Post-Independence

After gaining independence in 1947, India has been involved in several military conflicts, including the Indo-Pakistani Wars, the Sino-Indian War of 1962, and the Kargil War in 1999. The Indian military has also played a significant role in peacekeeping missions under the United Nations. The development of nuclear weapons in 1974 with Operation Smiling Buddha and the subsequent development of missile technology have been crucial in India's defense strategy.

Modern Era

In the modern era, the Indian military consists of the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, and the Indian Air Force, supported by various paramilitary forces. India's military strategy focuses on securing its borders, counter-terrorism, and projecting power in the Indian Ocean region. The country has also been actively involved in developing indigenous defense technology and modernizing its armed forces.