Modern dance

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Martha Graham 1948

Isadora Duncan 1903

Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00989, Berlin, Tanzschule Laban

Martha Graham Bertram Ross 1961

Alvin Ailey - Revelations

File:DanceworksStoneSoup.theora.ogv Modern dance is a broad genre of dance that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a reaction against the strict rules of classical ballet. Pioneered by such luminaries as Isadora Duncan, Martha Graham, and Merce Cunningham, modern dance is characterized by its emphasis on expression and improvisation, the use of gravity and body weight to enhance movement, and a more relaxed use of costume and stage scenery. Unlike ballet, which strives for grace and precision through established movements and poses, modern dance encourages the exploration of the dancer's own creativity and emotional expression.

History

Modern dance originated as a rebellion against the rigid constraints of traditional ballet. Isadora Duncan is often credited with laying the foundation for modern dance; she believed that dance should be a means of personal expression and that it should reflect the natural movements of the body. Following Duncan, Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn established the Denishawn School in Los Angeles, which further promoted the idea of dance as an art form that is expressive rather than merely decorative or entertaining.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Martha Graham and Doris Humphrey advanced the discipline, introducing new techniques that emphasized the emotional content of dance and the use of breath and contraction. Graham's technique, in particular, became a cornerstone of modern dance practice, influencing countless dancers and choreographers.

The post-World War II era saw the emergence of the Merce Cunningham technique, which introduced the concept of chance in choreography, thereby separating dance movements from the music and allowing an element of unpredictability in performances.

Characteristics

Modern dance is defined by its versatility and innovation. It eschews the strict, footed movements of ballet and instead embraces a wide range of body movements that express the dancer's inner feelings. Key characteristics include: - Use of gravity: Unlike ballet, which aims to defy gravity, modern dance often emphasizes it, with movements that flow naturally, incorporating falls and recovery. - Emotional expression: Modern dance is a vehicle for expressing complex emotions and ideas. - Improvisation: Many modern dance techniques include improvisation, allowing dancers to explore their own styles and expressions. - Floor work: Modern dance incorporates movements that are performed on the floor, which is not common in classical ballet.

Techniques and Innovators

Several key figures have developed distinct techniques within modern dance, including: - Martha Graham: Known for the Graham technique, which emphasizes the use of contraction and release. - Merce Cunningham: Introduced chance operations into choreography, making each performance unique. - Alvin Ailey: Combined traditional African dance elements with modern dance, creating a vibrant and expressive style. - Paul Taylor: Known for his lyrical and athletic movements, Taylor's work encompasses a wide range of themes, from the comedic to the tragic.

Modern Dance Today

Today, modern dance continues to evolve, incorporating elements from other dance forms such as hip hop, jazz dance, and contemporary dance. It remains a dynamic and influential art form that challenges traditional notions of what dance can be, encouraging both dancers and audiences to explore new ideas and emotions through movement.