Molybdenum

Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra

Molly Hill molybdenite

Molybdenum world production

Plate of Molybdenum Copper

FeMoco cluster

Molybdenum cofactor

Molybdenum is a chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It is a silvery-gray metal in the transition metals category within the periodic table. Molybdenum is characterized by its high melting point, which is 2,623 degrees Celsius (4,753 degrees Fahrenheit), making it valuable in industries that require materials that can withstand high temperatures.

Properties and Characteristics

Molybdenum has several notable physical and chemical properties. It has a high melting point, high electrical conductivity, and is highly resistant to corrosion by many chemical substances, including sea water, acids, and bases. Its strength and stability at high temperatures make it useful in steel alloys, aerospace, electrical contacts, and industrial motors.

Occurrence

Molybdenum is not found free in nature but in various oxidation states in minerals. Molybdenite (MoS2) is the most prevalent molybdenum-bearing mineral, and is often found in areas associated with porphyry copper deposits. Other minerals that contain molybdenum include powellite (CaMoO4) and wulfenite (PbMoO4). The largest producers of molybdenum include China, the United States, Chile, and Peru.

Applications

Molybdenum's unique properties make it valuable in many applications:

• As an alloying agent in steel, it enhances the steel's strength, resistance to corrosion, and ability to withstand high temperatures.
• In the chemical industry, molybdenum is used as a catalyst in the refining of petroleum.
• It is also used in the production of high-temperature furnaces, nuclear reactors, and for electrical contacts.
• Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a lubricant used in high-temperature and high-pressure applications.

Health and Biological Role

Molybdenum is an essential trace element in the diet of both humans and animals. It is a cofactor for several important enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase, which are involved in the metabolism of sulfur amino acids and purines. Deficiencies in molybdenum are rare but can lead to disturbances in uric acid production and metabolism.

Environmental Impact

While molybdenum is an essential element for life, its compounds can have adverse effects on the environment if not managed properly. Mining and processing of molybdenum-bearing ores can lead to the release of molybdenum into the environment, potentially impacting water quality and aquatic life. However, with proper management and environmental controls, these impacts can be minimized.

See Also

• Transition metal
• Periodic table
• Steel
• Catalyst