Mouse mammary tumor virus

Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) is a Retrovirus that is linked to the development of mammary tumors in mice. This virus is of significant interest in the field of oncology and virology due to its role in viral-induced cancer mechanisms and its potential implications for human breast cancer research. MMTV is also a valuable tool in the study of gene expression and the regulation of oncogenes.

Overview

MMTV is a member of the Betaretrovirus genus, which is characterized by its ability to integrate a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the host cell's DNA. This integration is a critical step in the virus's replication cycle and can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, thereby promoting tumorigenesis.

Transmission

MMTV can be transmitted both horizontally and vertically. Horizontal transmission occurs through the ingestion of milk from infected mothers, which is the primary route of transmission to offspring. Vertical transmission, although less common, involves the integration of the virus into the germ line, where it can be passed on to subsequent generations.

Pathogenesis

Upon infection, MMTV integrates into the host genome and can lead to the development of mammary tumors through several mechanisms. One key mechanism is the insertion of viral DNA near regulatory sequences of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, leading to their misregulation. Additionally, the virus can express proteins that interfere with normal cell signaling pathways, further promoting tumorigenesis.

Research and Implications for Human Disease

MMTV has been extensively studied as a model for understanding the molecular mechanisms of viral oncogenesis. Research on MMTV has contributed to the discovery of proto-oncogenes and the role of hormone signaling in breast cancer development. While MMTV is specific to mice, similar mechanisms of viral oncogenesis may be present in human viruses, suggesting potential parallels in the study of human breast cancer.

Prevention and Treatment

Currently, there is no specific treatment for MMTV-induced tumors, and efforts are focused on prevention through the control of viral transmission. Research is ongoing to develop vaccines and antiviral therapies that target retroviruses, including MMTV.

See Also

• Retrovirus
• Oncogene
• Tumor suppressor gene
• Viral oncogenesis