Mustard gas

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Structural formula of mustard gas

Mustard gas or sulfur mustard (IUPAC name: 1-chloro-2-[(2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl]ethane) is a class of related molecular species. It is a vesicant (blister-causing agent) and is notorious for its ability to cause severe, sometimes fatal, chemical burns.

History

Mustard gas was first synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860, but its harmful effects were not widely recognized until the First World War, when it was used extensively as a chemical warfare agent.

Chemical Properties

Mustard gas is a viscous liquid at room temperature. When it comes in contact with skin or mucous membranes, it is readily absorbed and causes painful, burn-like blisters. The gas is not actually volatile, but can be vaporized and spread through the air, where it can be inhaled and cause severe damage to the lungs.

Toxicology

In addition to its physical effects, mustard gas is a powerful alkylating agent, meaning it can modify the genetic material in cells and cause mutations, which may lead to cancer. It is also cytotoxic, killing cells directly.

There is no known antidote for mustard gas exposure. Treatment is supportive and aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. It may include removing contaminated clothing, washing the skin with soap and water, and treating burns and blisters as one would treat thermal burns. In case of inhalation, oxygen may be administered and respiratory support may be needed.

Use in Warfare

Mustard gas was widely used during World War I and to a lesser extent in World War II. Its use is now banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention due to its severe health effects and the suffering it causes. Despite this, there have been reports of its use in more recent conflicts.

See Also

• Chemical warfare
• Chemical Weapons Convention
• Vesicant

References

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