Mycofactocin

A detailed overview of Mycofactocin, a bacterial cofactor

Mycofactocin is a bacterial cofactor that is involved in redox reactions within certain Actinobacteria, including the genus Mycobacterium. It is a small molecule that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of these bacteria, particularly in the context of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance.

Structure and Biosynthesis

Mycofactocin is a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP). The biosynthesis of mycofactocin involves several enzymatic steps, starting from a precursor peptide that is encoded by the mftA gene. This precursor undergoes a series of modifications, including the action of radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes, to form the mature cofactor.

The structure of mycofactocin includes a peptide-derived core that is modified to include unique chemical groups that facilitate its role in redox reactions. The exact structure of mycofactocin is still under investigation, but it is known to be essential for the function of certain dehydrogenases in mycobacteria.

Function

Mycofactocin functions as a redox cofactor, similar to NAD+ or FAD, but is specific to certain bacterial enzymes. It is involved in the oxidation-reduction reactions that are critical for the survival and virulence of mycobacteria. Mycofactocin-dependent enzymes are thought to participate in the metabolism of lipids and other substrates that are important for the bacterial cell wall and energy production.

Role in Pathogenicity

The presence of mycofactocin is linked to the pathogenicity of mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The cofactor is believed to support the bacteria's ability to survive in hostile environments, such as within macrophages, by enabling efficient energy metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress.

Research and Implications

Understanding the biosynthesis and function of mycofactocin is of great interest for developing new antibiotics and therapeutic strategies against mycobacterial infections. Inhibiting the production or function of mycofactocin could weaken the bacteria and make them more susceptible to existing treatments.

Also see

• Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides
• Mycobacterium
• Antibiotic resistance
• Redox reactions
• S-adenosylmethionine