Niyama

Niyama (Sanskrit: नियम) is a set of observances in the Hindu and Yoga traditions that form the second limb of the Ashtanga Yoga as outlined in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. These ethical guidelines are intended to build character, foster discipline, and create a foundation for spiritual growth. Niyama is often paired with Yama, which are the restraints or ethical disciplines. Together, they lay the ethical groundwork that is crucial for the practice of yoga.

Etymology

The term 'Niyama' derives from the Sanskrit root 'ni-', meaning 'inward' or 'within', and 'yama', which means 'control' or 'restraint'. Thus, Niyama can be understood as the control or regulation of one's internal environment, encompassing attitudes, behaviors, and actions.

The Five Niyamas

The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali list five Niyamas, each serving as a guideline for living a virtuous and meaningful life:

1. Sauca (Purity): This involves maintaining both external and internal purity through cleanliness and hygiene, as well as purity of thought and emotion.
2. Santosha (Contentment): Encourages an attitude of contentment and acceptance of the situation as it is, fostering happiness and peace of mind.
3. Tapas (Austerity or Discipline): Refers to the practice of self-discipline and the cultivation of willpower, which is necessary to achieve spiritual and worldly goals.
4. Svadhyaya (Self-study or Study of Sacred Texts): Involves introspection and the study of sacred texts, which help to understand oneself and the universe.
5. Ishvara Pranidhana (Surrender to a Higher Power): This Niyama focuses on surrendering the ego and dedicating one's actions to a higher power, fostering a sense of spiritual devotion.

Importance in Yoga

In the context of Ashtanga Yoga, the Niyamas are crucial for building the mental discipline required to progress along the path of yoga. They help to cultivate a stable and focused mind, which is essential for the deeper practices of Asana (postures), Pranayama (breath control), and Dhyana (meditation).

Cultural and Philosophical Context

Niyama, along with Yama, forms the ethical substrate of the broader philosophical system of Yoga, which is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy. These principles are not only relevant to practitioners of Hinduism but are also integral to the global practice of yoga, transcending cultural and religious boundaries.

See Also

• Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
• Ashtanga Yoga
• Yama (Yoga)
• Samadhi