Norephedrine

Norephedrine, also known as phenylpropanolamine (PPA), is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that is used as a stimulant, decongestant, and anorectic agent. It is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations. In veterinary medicine, it is used to control urinary incontinence in dogs.

Chemistry

Norephedrine is a stereoisomer of ephedrine. It is a diastereomer, meaning it has the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but a different three-dimensional orientation. It is a direct precursor to the neuromodulator phenethylamine, a substance which is produced in the human body in small amounts and is hypothesized to play a role in mood regulation.

Pharmacology

Norephedrine acts as a releasing agent of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. In other words, it effectively increases the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain. It is metabolized in vivo into amphetamine and methamphetamine. The drug also indirectly stimulates both the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, thereby causing an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Medical uses

Norephedrine is used for the temporary relief of stuffy nose, sinus, and ear symptoms caused by the common cold, flu, allergies, or other breathing illnesses. It is also used to control urinary incontinence in dogs.

Side effects

Common side effects of norephedrine include dizziness, headache, nausea, nervousness, or trouble sleeping. Serious side effects may include fast/irregular heartbeat, mental/mood changes, shaking, unusual sweating, or weight loss.

See also

• Ephedrine
• Amphetamine
• Phenethylamine

Norephedrine Resources
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