Oppositional

Oppositional defiant disorder (often abbreviated as ODD) is a type of behavior disorder most commonly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD are often characterized by defiant and disobedient behavior to authority figures.

Symptoms

The symptoms of ODD may include:

• Frequent temper tantrums
• Excessive arguing with adults
• Often questioning rules
• Active defiance and refusal to comply with adult requests and rules
• Deliberate attempts to annoy or upset people
• Blaming others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
• Often being touchy or easily annoyed by others
• Frequent anger and resentment
• Mean and hateful talking when upset
• Spiteful attitude and revenge seeking

Causes

The exact cause of ODD is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, biochemical and environmental factors. Some theories suggest that children with ODD may have difficulty learning to control their impulses and emotions.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of ODD involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional. The assessment often includes interviews with the child and family members, observation of the child's behavior, and psychological testing.

Treatment

Treatment for ODD often involves therapy and training for both the child and the parents. This may include Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, and social skills training. In some cases, medication may be used to manage co-occurring conditions such as ADHD.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, children with ODD can improve over time. However, many children with ODD also have other behavioral problems that may persist into adulthood.

See also

• Conduct disorder
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Child psychology
• Pediatric psychiatry

References

Oppositional Resources
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