Orthogonal

Orthogonal refers to the concept of perpendicularity in various scientific fields. Derived from the Greek word "orthogonios," which means "right-angled," orthogonal is used in mathematics, physics, engineering, and other related fields.

Mathematics

In mathematics, orthogonal is used to describe a right angle. It is often used in the context of Euclidean space, where it refers to the property of being perpendicular to each other. In linear algebra, two vectors are orthogonal if their dot product is zero. This concept is extended in functional analysis to include more general spaces.

Physics

In physics, orthogonal is used to describe the property of being perpendicular in terms of direction. For example, in electromagnetism, the electric field and magnetic field are orthogonal to each other.

Engineering

In engineering, orthogonal is used in various contexts. In signal processing, orthogonal signals are used to reduce interference. In computer science, orthogonal design is used to simplify the design and debugging process.

Other fields

Orthogonal concepts are also used in other fields such as statistics, economics, and biology. In statistics, orthogonal variables are uncorrelated. In economics, orthogonal assets have returns that are uncorrelated. In biology, orthogonal interactions are those that occur independently of other interactions.

See also

• Orthogonality
• Orthogonal matrix
• Orthogonal polynomials
• Orthogonal functions
• Orthogonal vectors

References

Orthogonal Resources
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