Osteoclasts

Osteoclasts are a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodelling of bones in the adult skeleton. The osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells that also give rise to monocytes and macrophages.

Function

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, a process in which bone tissue is broken down and the minerals, such as calcium, are released into the blood. This process is critical for the maintenance and repair of bones. Osteoclasts are found on the surface of the bone mineral next to the dissolving bone.

Formation

Osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, which are derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells. The process of osteoclast formation involves several stages, including the proliferation of progenitor cells, their differentiation into preosteoclasts, and their fusion to form mature osteoclasts.

Regulation

The formation and activity of osteoclasts are regulated by several hormones and cytokines, including parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D. These factors can stimulate or inhibit the formation and activity of osteoclasts, thereby helping to regulate bone resorption.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in osteoclast function can lead to several bone diseases. For example, excessive bone resorption can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by low bone mass and increased risk of fractures. On the other hand, insufficient bone resorption can lead to osteopetrosis, a condition characterized by increased bone density.

See also

• Osteoblast
• Bone remodeling
• Bone resorption
• Osteoporosis
• Osteopetrosis

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