PRI disease resistant apple breeding program

Malus 'Pristine' 3

PRI disease resistant apple breeding program is a collaborative effort aimed at developing apple varieties resistant to various diseases. The program is a partnership between Purdue University, Rutgers University, and the University of Illinois, hence the acronym PRI. It was initiated in the mid-20th century in response to the devastating effects of apple diseases, such as apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, and other challenges like fire blight, powdery mildew, and cedar apple rust. The program's goal is to produce apple cultivars that require fewer chemical inputs for disease control, thereby benefiting both the environment and the agricultural economy.

History

The PRI disease resistant apple breeding program began in the 1940s. Its foundation was laid by the recognition of the need for apples that could resist common diseases without the extensive use of fungicides and pesticides. Over the decades, the program has introduced several apple varieties that have significantly impacted the apple industry by reducing production costs and improving apple quality.

Objectives

The primary objective of the PRI program is to develop apple varieties with natural resistance to key diseases. This involves:

• Identifying and incorporating genes for disease resistance into popular apple cultivars.
• Evaluating the performance of these new cultivars in different environmental conditions.
• Ensuring that the new varieties meet market demands in terms of taste, texture, and appearance.

Achievements

Several notable apple varieties have emerged from the PRI program, including:

• Enterprise - Known for its resistance to apple scab and good storage qualities.
• GoldRush - A late-maturing variety with resistance to several diseases and a complex, spicy flavor.
• Liberty - Highly resistant to apple scab and other diseases, making it popular for organic apple production.

Breeding Techniques

The program utilizes traditional breeding techniques alongside modern genetic tools. Cross-pollination is used to combine desirable traits from different apple varieties, followed by years of evaluation to select offspring that meet the program's criteria. Molecular markers are also employed to identify and select for disease resistance genes more efficiently.

Challenges and Future Directions

While the PRI program has made significant strides in developing disease-resistant apples, challenges remain. These include the ever-evolving nature of plant pathogens, changing climate conditions, and the need to continuously adapt apple varieties to meet consumer preferences. Future efforts are likely to focus on integrating more genetic diversity to combat diseases and utilizing advanced breeding techniques to accelerate the development of new cultivars.

See Also

• Apple scab
• Fire blight
• Powdery mildew
• Cedar apple rust
• Genetic resistance
• Plant breeding