Pala Empire

Vishnu with His Consorts, Lakshmi and Sarasvati, 11-12th century, Bihar or Bengal, Pala period

Indian Kanauj triangle map

INDIA, Medieval. Palas. Mahipala I and later. Circa 988-1161

Crowned Buddha, Bihar, Pala Empire, 10th-11th century

Avalokiteshvara and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (a), Maitreya and Scenes from the Buddha's Life (b), Two Folios from a Prajnaparamita (The Perfection of Wisdom) LACMA M.72.1.19a-b (1 of 4)

Vishnu Flanked by His Personified Attributes, early 9th century CE, Pala period, Bihar, India

Pala Empire was a dynasty that controlled the region of Bengal and Bihar in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent from the 8th to the 12th centuries. The empire was founded by Gopala in the mid-8th century, who was elected king by a group of warrior chieftains. The Palas were followers of Mahayana Buddhism and played a significant role in the development of Buddhism in the region, including the establishment of important learning centers like the Vikramashila and Nalanda universities.

History

The Pala Empire's history is marked by a series of capable rulers who expanded the empire's territory and influence. After Gopala, Dharmapala and Devapala were among the most notable rulers, with Dharmapala extending the empire's boundaries significantly and establishing the Pala dynasty as a major political and military power in northern India. The Palas engaged in frequent conflicts with their neighbors, including the Pratihara Empire and the Rashtrakuta Empire, for control over the fertile Gangetic plains.

Culture and Religion

The Pala Empire is renowned for its contributions to art, architecture, and religion. The Palas were devout Buddhists and patronized Mahayana Buddhism, leading to a flourishing of Buddhist art and learning. The empire is known for its distinctive sculptural and architectural styles, which are evident in the remnants of monasteries and stupas across Bengal and Bihar. The Pala period is also notable for the development of Bengali literature and the spread of Buddhism into Tibet and Southeast Asia through the efforts of Pala scholars and missionaries.

Economy

The economy of the Pala Empire was primarily agrarian, with agriculture benefiting from the fertile lands of the Gangetic plains. Trade also played a significant role, with the empire being part of the larger trade networks that connected India with Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The Palas issued their own coins, which is a testament to their economic power and the sophistication of their administration.

Decline

The decline of the Pala Empire began in the 12th century, owing to internal strife, succession disputes, and the emergence of regional powers. The Senas, a Hindu dynasty, eventually replaced the Palas as the dominant power in Bengal. Despite their decline, the Palas left a lasting legacy in the region, particularly through their patronage of Buddhism and their contributions to the cultural and intellectual life of the Indian subcontinent.

Legacy

The Pala Empire's legacy is evident in the rich cultural and architectural heritage of Bengal and Bihar. The empire played a crucial role in the history of Buddhism in India, supporting the religion at a time when it was declining in other parts of the country. The Palas' patronage of learning and the arts also contributed to a period of great intellectual and cultural development, the effects of which are still visible in the region's art, architecture, and literature.