Palaeography

Shakespeare-Testament

Troy_VIIb_hieroglyphic_seal_reverse

Mandaic_Alphabet

Greek_manuscript_minuscule_Aristotle

P.Berol._inv._9875_col._v_coronis

The_Derveni_Papyrus

Greek_cursive_variants_Tau

Palaeography is the study of ancient and historical handwriting. The discipline involves deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts and understanding the cultural context in which they were produced. Palaeography is an essential tool for historians, archaeologists, and philologists, as it helps to interpret and authenticate historical documents.

History

The origins of palaeography can be traced back to the Renaissance when scholars began to systematically study ancient texts. The term itself was coined in the 18th century by Bernard de Montfaucon, a French Benedictine monk and scholar. His work, Palaeographia Graeca, laid the foundation for the systematic study of Greek manuscripts.

Techniques

Palaeographers use various techniques to analyze manuscripts, including:

• **Script Analysis**: Identifying the style of handwriting used in a document, which can help date and locate its origin.
• **Material Analysis**: Examining the materials used, such as parchment, ink, and binding, to gather information about the manuscript's history.
• **Contextual Analysis**: Understanding the historical and cultural context in which the document was produced.

Types of Scripts

Different periods and regions have distinct styles of handwriting. Some of the major scripts studied in palaeography include:

• **Uncial Script**: A script commonly used from the 3rd to the 8th century AD, characterized by its rounded letters.
• **Carolingian Minuscule**: Developed during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th and 9th centuries, this script is noted for its clarity and uniformity.
• **Gothic Script**: Used from the 12th to the 16th century, this script is known for its dense and angular letters.
• **Humanist Script**: Originating in the 14th century, this script was a revival of the Carolingian minuscule and influenced the development of modern typefaces.

Applications

Palaeography has several applications, including:

• **Historical Research**: Providing insights into the social, political, and economic conditions of past societies.
• **Textual Criticism**: Assisting in the reconstruction of original texts from fragmented or corrupted manuscripts.
• **Archival Work**: Helping archivists to catalog and preserve historical documents.

Challenges

Palaeographers face several challenges, such as:

• **Deterioration**: Manuscripts may be damaged or deteriorated, making them difficult to read.
• **Forgery**: Identifying and authenticating documents to avoid the use of forgeries in historical research.
• **Language Barriers**: Manuscripts may be written in obsolete or rare languages and scripts.

Related Pages

• Codicology
• Epigraphy
• Diplomatics
• Philology
• Manuscript

See Also

• History of writing
• Calligraphy
• Textual criticism