Paneth cell

Paneth cell is a type of epithelial cell found in the small intestine and appendix. Named after the Austrian physician Joseph Paneth, these cells play a crucial role in maintaining the intestinal microbiota and defending against pathogenic bacteria.

Function

Paneth cells are primarily responsible for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides, including lysozyme and defensins. These peptides are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, thus helping to maintain the balance of the intestinal microbiota and protect the body from infection.

In addition to their antimicrobial function, Paneth cells also contribute to the regulation of the intestinal stem cells. They provide essential signals for the survival and proliferation of these cells, thereby playing a key role in the maintenance and renewal of the intestinal epithelium.

Location

Paneth cells are located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkühn, small glandular structures found throughout the small intestine and appendix. They are most abundant in the ileum, the final section of the small intestine.

Development

The development of Paneth cells is regulated by various transcription factors, including Math1, Gfi1, and Sox9. Disruptions in the expression of these factors can lead to abnormalities in Paneth cell development and function, which may contribute to the development of intestinal disorders such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Clinical significance

Abnormalities in Paneth cell function have been implicated in a number of intestinal disorders. For example, in Crohn's disease, Paneth cells have been found to produce abnormally high levels of certain antimicrobial peptides, which may contribute to the chronic inflammation characteristic of this condition. On the other hand, a reduction in Paneth cell numbers has been observed in patients with ulcerative colitis, which may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection seen in this condition.

See also

• Goblet cell
• Enterocyte
• Microvillus