Papal States

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Papal Arms shield

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The Pope Paulus V - Nationalmuseum - 158047

Il corteo dell'ambasciatore veneziano Alvise Mocenigo dopo l'udienza papale nel palazzo del Quirinale

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Gregory XVI

Papal States

The Papal States, also known as the State(s) of the Church, were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870. They were among the major historical states of Italy before the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Italy. At their zenith, the Papal States covered most of Central Italy, including Rome, the spiritual center of Western Christianity.

History

The origin of the Papal States dates back to the 8th century, with the Donation of Pepin, when Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, gave the Pope a swath of territory that laid the foundation for the Papal States. This act was a pivotal moment in the relationship between the Catholic Church and the European political powers, symbolizing the Church's temporal authority in addition to its spiritual authority.

Throughout the Middle Ages, the Papal States played a crucial role in European politics, serving as a buffer state between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The Popes, as rulers of the Papal States, were involved in various political and military conflicts to protect and expand their territories. The Renaissance period saw the peak of Papal power and the transformation of Rome into a center of art, culture, and learning.

However, the Papal States faced numerous challenges, including invasions, internal conflicts, and the Reformation. The 19th century was particularly tumultuous, with the rise of nationalism and the unification of Italy. The Papal States were significantly reduced in size by the forces of the Kingdom of Italy until the capture of Rome in 1870, effectively ending the temporal power of the Pope.

Government

The government of the Papal States was a theocratic absolute monarchy, with the Pope as the head of state. The Pope exercised supreme legislative, executive, and judicial powers. The administration of the Papal States was managed by various departments and officials appointed by the Pope, including the Cardinal Secretary of State, who handled foreign relations and internal administration.

Economy

The economy of the Papal States was primarily based on agriculture, trade, and the collection of taxes and tithes. The Church also benefited financially from pilgrimages to Rome and the sale of indulgences. However, the economy was often strained by the costs of war, the maintenance of the Papal court, and the construction of monumental buildings in Rome.

Culture

The Papal States were a center of the Renaissance, attracting artists, architects, and scholars from all over Europe. The Popes were great patrons of the arts, commissioning works from artists such as Michelangelo and Raphael. The construction of St. Peter's Basilica and the Vatican Museums were among the cultural achievements of this period.

Dissolution

The process of Italian unification in the 19th century, also known as the Risorgimento, led to the gradual erosion of the Papal States. The final blow came in 1870 with the capture of Rome by Italian troops. The Pope lost his temporal powers and became a "prisoner" in the Vatican, a situation that was resolved only in 1929 with the Lateran Treaty, establishing Vatican City as an independent sovereign entity.

Legacy

The legacy of the Papal States is complex, intertwined with the history of Italy, the Catholic Church, and the broader European political landscape. While the Papal States no longer exist, the Vatican City remains a significant religious and cultural entity, continuing the legacy of the Papacy's role in world affairs.